Vocab Unit 1 Nutrition And Metabolic Flashcards
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
ANOREXIA:
A lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat; the condition may result from poorly prepared or unattractive food or surroundings, unfavorable company or various physical and psychologic causes
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
COLLOIDS:
plasma expanders; pull fluid into bloodstream; large molecules that can’t leak into tissues; used for aggressive fluid resuscitation (r/t trauma); monitor pt for fluid overload; ex. include: albumin, dextran, hetastarch (Hespan)
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
DEHYDRATION:
Excessive loss of water from body tissues. Dehydration is accompanied by a disturbance in the balance of essential electrolytes, particularly sodium, potassium and chloride. It may follow a prolonged fever, diarrhea, vomiting, acidosis, and any condition in which there is rapid depletion of body fluids. It is among particular concern among infants and young children that their electrolyte balance is normally precarious. Signs of dehydration include; poor skin turgor (not a reliable sign in the elderly), flushed dry skin, coated tongue, dry mucous membranes, oliguria, irritability and confusion.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
DIURETIC:
A drug that promotes the formation and excretion of urine; classified by chemical structure and pharmacologic activity into groups: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, loop diuretics, mercurials, osmotics, potassium-sparing diuretics, thiazides. A diuretic medication may contain drugs from one or more of these groups. Diuretics are prescribed to reduce the volume of extracellular fluids in the treatment of many disorders including hypertension, congestive heart failure and edema.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
ELECTROLYTE:
An element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates into ions and is able to conduct an electric current. Electrolytes differ in their concentrations in blood
plasma, interstitial fluid, and cell fluid and affect the movement of substances between those compartments. Proper quantities of principal electrolytes and balance among them are critical to normal metabolism and function. For example:
Calcium (Ca++) is necessary for relaxation of skeletal muscle and contraction of
cardiac muscle
Potassium (K+) is required for contraction of skeletal muscle and relaxation of
cardiac muscle
Sodium (Na+) is essential in maintaining fluid balance
Certain diseases, conditions and medications may lead to a deficiency of one or more electrolytes and to an imbalance among them. For example:
Certain diuretics and a low sodium diet prescribed in hypertension may
cause hypokalemic shock as a result of loss of potassium.
Diarrhea may cause a loss of many electrolytes, leading to hypovalemia
and shock, especially in infants.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
ENTERAL:
Within the small intestine, or via the small intestine.
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EXTRACELLULAR:
Occurring outside a cell or cell tissue, or in cavities or spaces between cell layers or groups of cells. Extracellular fluid (ECF) located outside of cells accounts for approx. 20% of total body weight.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
EXTRAVASATION:
A passage or escape into the tissues, usually of blood, serum, or lymph
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HEMATOMA:
A collection of extravasated blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or in an organ, resulting from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery. Initially there is frank bleeding into the space; if the space is limited, pressure slows and eventually stops the flow of blood. The blood clots, serum collects, the clot hardens and the mass becomes palpable to the examiner and is often painful to the patient.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERCALCEMIA:
Greater than normal amounts of calcium in the blood, most often resulting from excessive bone resorption and release of calcium, as occurs in hyperparathyroidism, metastatic tumors of the bone, Paget’s disease and osteoporosis. Patients with hypercalcemia experience confusion, anorexia, abdominal pain, muscle pain and weakness. Extremely high levels of blood calcium may result in coma, shock, kidney failure and death. Prednisone, diuretics, isotonic saline solution and other drugs may be used in treatment.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERGLYCEMIA:
A greater than the normal amount of glucose in the blood. Most frequently associated with diabetes mellitus, the condition may occur in newborns, after the administration of glucocorticoid hormones, and with an excess infusion of IV solutions containing glucose, esp. in poorly monitored long-term hyperalimentation.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERKALEMIA:
A greater than the normal amount of potassium in the blood. This condition is seen frequently in acute renal failure, massive trauma, major burns and Addison’s disease. Early signs are nausea, diarrhea and muscle weakness. As potassium levels increase, marked cardiac changes are observed in the EKG. Tx of severe hyperkalemia includes oral administration of Kayexalate and IV admin. Of sodium bicarbonate, calcium salts, and dextrose.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERMAGNESMIA:
A greater than the normal amount of magnesium in the plasma, found in people with kidney failure and in those who use large doses of drugs containing magnesium, such as antacids. Toxic levels of magnesium cause cardiac arrhythmias and depression of deep tendon reflexes and respiration. Tx often includes IV fluids, a diuretic, and hemodialysis.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERNATREMIA:
A greater than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, caused by excessive loss of water and electrolytes that result from polyuria, diarrhea, excessive sweating or inadequate water intake. It may also be a result of large intake of salt, either orally or intravenously. When water loss is caused by kidney dysfunction, urine is profuse and dilute. If water loss is not through the kidneys, such as in diarrhea and excessive sweating, the urine is scanty and highly concentrated. People with hyper natremia may become mentally confused, have seizures, and lapse into coma. Tx is restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance PO or IV infusion. Care must be taken to restore water balance slowly because further electrolyte imbalances may occur and complications from correcting sodium concentrations may arise.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPOCALCEMIA:
A deficiency of calcium in the serum that may be caused by hypoparathyroidism, Vit. D deficiency, kidney failure, acute pancreatitis, or inadequate amounts of plasma magnesium and protein. Normal serum calcium levels range from 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dl. Mild hypocalcemia is asymptomatic. Severe hypocalcemia is characterized by cardiac arrhythmias and tetany and parasthesia in the hands, feet, lips and tongue. The underlying disorder is diagnosed and treated, and calcium is given by mouth or IV infusion. Hypocalcemia is also seen in dysmature newborns, in infants born of mothers with diabetes, or in normal babies of normal mothers delivered after a long or stressful labor and delivery. The condition is signaled by vomiting, twitching of extremeties, poor muscle tone, high pitch crying, and difficulty in breathing.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPOGLYCEMIA:
A low level of glucose in the blood. It may be caused by administration of too much insulin, excessive secretion of insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas, or dietary insufficiency. The condition may cause weakness, headache, hunger, visual disturbances, ataxia, anxiety, personality changes, and if untreated, delirium, coma and death. The treatment is the administration of glucose PO if the pt is conscious or IV glucose supplementation if the person is unconscious or uncooperative. Glycogen or complex carbohydrates may also be given.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPOKALEMIA:
A condition in which an inadequate amount of potassium, the major intracellular cation, is found in the circulating bloodstream. Hypokalemia is characterized by abnormal EKG findings, weakness, confusion, mental depression, and flaccid paralysis. The cause may be starvation, treatment of diabetic acidosis, adrenal tumor, or diuretic therapy. Mild hypokalemia may resolve itself when the underlying disorder is corrected. Severe hypokalemia may be treated by the administration of potassium chloride, orally or parenterally, and by a diet high in potassium.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPOMAGNESEMIA:
An abnormally low concentration of magnesium in the blood plasma, which causes nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, tetany and lethargy. Tachcardia and arrhythmia may also occur. Mild hypomagnesemia is usually the result of inadequate absorption of magnesium in the kidney or intestine, although it is also seen after prolonged parenteral feeding and during lactation. A more severe form is associated with malabsorption syndrome, protein malnutrition, and parathyroid disease. Magnesium salts to correct the deficiency may be given orally or intravenously.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPONATREMIA:
A lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, caused by inadequate excretion of water or by excessive water in the circulating bloodstream. In a severe case the person may experience water intoxication, with confusion and lethargy, leading to muscle excitability, convulsions and coma. Fluid and electrolyte balance may be restored by IV infusion of a balanced solution or a fluid restricted diet.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
HYPERTONIC:
Pertaining to a solution that causes cells to shrink; a solution that increases the degree of osmotic pressure on a semipermeable membrane
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HYPOTONIC:
Pertaining to a solution that causes cells to swell. A solution having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, hence exerting less osmotic pressure than that solution.
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HYPOVOLEMIA:
An abnormally low circulating blood volume.
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INFILTRATION:
The process whereby a fluid passes into the tissues, such as when a local anesthetic is administered or an IV infusion infiltrates.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
INTRACELLULAR:
Pertaining to the interior of a cell; within a cell. Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for approx. 40% of total body weight.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
INTRAVASCULAR:
Pertaining to the inside of a blood vessel. Intravascular fluid, called plasma, is contained within the arteries, veins, and capillaries. It accounts for approx. 5% of total body weight.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
INTRAVENOUS:
Pertaining to the inside of a vein, as of a thrombus, or an injection, infusion or catheter
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INTERSTITIAL:
Pertaining to the space between cells, as interstitial fluid, or between organs. Interstitial fluid is located in the spaces between most of the cells of the body. It accounts for approx. 15% of total body weight.
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ISOTONIC:
Pertaining to a solution that causes no change in cell volume.
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LIBIDO:
The psychic energy or instinctual drive associated with sexual desire, pleasure or creativity
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MACROVASCULAR:
Q
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MENORRHAGIA:
Abnormally long or heavy menstrual periods. Menorrhagia occurs occasionally during the reproductive years of most women’s lives. If the condition becomes chronic , anemia from recurrent excessive blood loss may result. Abnormal bleeding after menopause always warrants investigation to rule out malignancy. Menorrhagia is a relatively common complication of benign uterine fibromyomata; it may be so severe or intractable as to require hysterectomy.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
MICROALBUMINURIA:
The urinary excretion of small amounts of albumin, below the detection level of routine dipstick analysis. The condition is an early indicator of altered glomeruler permeability in diabetes
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
MICROVASCULAR:
Pertaining to the portion of the circulatory system that is composed of the capillary network
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
NEPHROPATHY:
Any disorder of the kidney, including inflammatory, degenerative and sclerotic conditions
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
NEUROPATHY:
Inflammation or degeneration of the peripheral nerves, such as that associated with lead poisoning
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
ORTHOSTATIC:
Pertaining to an erect or standing position
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PARENTERAL:
Pertaining to treatment other than through the digestive system
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PARASTHESIA:
Any subjective sensation, experienced as numbness, tingling or a “pins and needles” feeling. Paresthesias often fluctuate according to such influences as posture, activity rest, edema, congestion, or underlying disease. When experienced in the extremities, it is sometimes identified as acroparasthesia.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
PHLEBITIS:
Inflammation of a vein.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
POLYDIPSIA:
Excessive thirst; characteristic of several different conditions, including diabetes mellitus, in which an excessive concentration of glucose in the blood osmotically pulls intracellular fluid into the bloodstream and increases the excretion of fluid via increased urination, which leads to hypovolemia and thirst.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
POLYPHAGIA:
Excessive, uncontrolled eating
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POLYURIA:
The excretion of an abnormally large amount of urine; some causes of polyuria are diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, use of diuretics, excessive fluid intake and hypercalcemia
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
TACHYCARDIA:
A condition in which the heart contracts at a rate greater than 100/min. It may occur normally in response to fever, exercise, or nervous excitement. Pathologic tachycardia accompanies anoxia, such as that caused by anemia; congestive heart failure; hemorrhage; or shock. Tachycardia acts to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the cells of the body by increasing the rate at which blood circulates through the vessels.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
THIRD SPACING:
A shift of fluid from the vascular space into an area where it is not available to support normal psysiologic processes. The trapped fluid represents a volume loss and is unavailable for normal psysiologic processes.
UNIT I: NUTRITION / METABOLIC PATTERN
AMENORRHEA:
The absence of menstruation; this is normal before sexual maturity, during pregnancy, after menopause, and during the intermenstrual phase of the monthly hormonal cycle. It is otherwise caused by dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary or uterus; by congenital absence or surgical removal of both ovaries or the uterus; or by medication. May also occur in women who are underweight or who exercise extensively.
