Vocab Test Flashcards
Or/o and stomat/o are combining forms of what?
Mouth
Lips coming forms are what?
Cheil/o and labi/o
Cheeks combining form is what?
Bucc/o
Palat/o is the combining form of what?
Roof of the mouth
What means wrinkle or fold?
Rug/o
What are the combining forms of tongue?
Gloss/o and lingu/o
Elevations on the tongue are called what?
Papillae
What are the 3 types of Papillae?
Filiform= threadlike
Fungiform= mushroom like
Vallate= cup-shaped
What are combining forms of jaw?
Gnath/o
What does prognathia Mean?
To have an elongated mandible (overshot)
What does Brachygnathia mean?
To have a shortened mandible (undershot)
What are combining forms of teeth?
Dent/o
Dent/I
Odont/o
Is the primary dentition ( deciduous dentition) permanent or temporary?
Temporary
Decidu/o is the combining form meaning what?
Shedding
Is the secondary dentition permanent or temporary?
Permanent
What are incisors?
Front cutting tooth
What are long pointed bone like teeth for grasping and tearing?
Canine teeth
What are pre-molars?
Cheek tooth that grinds food
What is a molar?
Cuddle cheek tooth that grinds food
Enamel is what?
The outer surface located in the crown
What is the outer surface located in the root called?
Cementum
What is Dentin?
Connective tissue surrounding the pulp
What is the pulp?
Inner part of the tooth that contains nerves vessels and loose connective tissue
What is the mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth called?
Gingiva
What is the combining form for? Gingiva?
Gingiv/o
What are salary glands?
They are groups of cells that secrete saliva
Sialaden/o and sial/o our combining forms for what?
The salivary glands
What is another name for the throat?
Pharynx
What is the combining form for pharynx?
Pharyng/o
What is the esophagus?
A collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach. (also known as the gullet.)
What is the combining form for esophagus?
Esophag/o
What is the sphincter?
A wrinkle like muscle that construct an opening
The peritoneal or abdominal cavity is known as the..?
Stomach
Where is the stomach located?
Between the diaphragm and the pelvis
What are the combining forms for the abdomen
Abdomin/o and celi/o
Combining form that means abdomen or flank is what?
Lapar/o
What is the peritoneum?
The membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavity and some of the organs in the area
What is the paxetal peritoneum?
The layer that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
What is the layer that covers the abdominal organs?
The visceral peritoneum
What is the omentum?
A fold of the peritoneum that connects the stomach and other visceral organs
What is the stomach?
A sack like organ that aids and digestion of food
What is the combining form of stomach?
Gastr/o
Animals that have one true glandular stomach are called what?
Monogastric
What are ruminants?
Have one true glandular stomach, and 3 forestomachs
What are all the parts of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pyloric sphincter, and rugae.
What is the entrance near the esophagus called?
Cardia
What is the cranial rounded part of the stomach?
Fundus
The fundus is what part of the stomach
The main part
What is the caudal part of the stomach?
Antrum
What are the narrow passages between the stomach and the duodenum?
Pylorus
What are muscle rings that control the flow of material from stomach to small intestines?
Pyloric sphincter
In the stomach, what is the rugae?
Fault in the mucosa
What are the four parts of a ruminant stomach?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abdomasum
What is the rumen in a ruminants stomach?
The largest part that serves as a fermentation vat
In a ruminant stomach, what is the most cranial portion?
The reticulum
In a ruminants stomach what is the omasum?
The third part that squeezes fluid out of the food bolus
In a ruminants stomach, what is the fourth part that is the true granular stomach?
The abdomasum
The small intestines extend from the______ to the________
Pylorus, large intestine
What holds the small intestines in place?
Mesentery
What is the combining form for small intestines?
Enter/o
What are the three segments of the small intestines?
Duodenum: proximal part
Jejunum: middle part
Ileum: distal part
What are the Combining forms for Duodenum?
Duoden/I or duoden/o
What is the combining form of jejunum?
Jenun/o
Ile/o is the combining form of what?
The ileum
Where do the large intestines extend from?
The ileum to the anus.
What are the four segments of the large intestines?
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anus
What is the combining form of the cecum?
Cec/o
Col/o is the combining form of what
The colon
What is the combining form of rectum?
Rect/o
What is the combining form of anus?
An/o
What is the combining form of anus and rectum together?
Proct/o
Combining form of liver?
-hepat/o
Combining form for bile?
Chol/e
Cyst/o is the combining form for what?
Sac
-doch/o is the combining form for what?
Receptacle
What is the combining form for pancreas?
-pancreat/o
What is digestion?
The process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use
What is the process involved in the bodies use of nutrients?
Metabolism
What does -meta- mean?
Change or beyond
Anabolism is what?
Building up of body cells
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of body cells
What is absorption?
The process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system. Also called assimilation.
Where does absorption occur?
In the small intestines
What are villi?
Tiny hair like projections that help increase the surface area the small intestines allowing more nutrients to be absorbed
What does the combining form vill/i mean?
Tuft of hair
What are the valleys that result from the projections of the small intestines called?
Crypts
What is mastication?
Chewing food into smaller pieces
When food is grasped and collected in the oral cavity, what is this called?
Prehension
________ moves chewed food into the pharynx then into the esophagus
Deglutition
Where does the epiglottis close off at?
The entrance to the trachea
What causes food to move down the esophagus?
Gravity and peristalsis
What is peristalsis?
A series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscle
What does -stalsis mean?
Contraction
What is the function of the urinary system?
To remove waste from the body and maintain homeostasis
What are the combining forms for urinary system?
Urin/o and ur/o
What are the combining forms for a pair of kidneys?
-ren/o and nephr/o
What are the combining forms for a pair of ureters?
-ureter/o
Combining form for bladder?
-cyst/o
What is the combining form for urethra?
Urethr/o
What are the concave depressions where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter attach?
Hilus
What are the two parts of the kidney?
The renal cortex (outer) the renal medulla (inner)
Cortic/o means what?
Outer region
Medull/o means what?
Inner
What are the structures of the kidney?
-Nephron (functional unit of the kidney)
-Renal pelvis (area of the kidney where urine collects before entering the ureters)
Pyel/o means what?
Renal pelvis
What are the structures of the nephron?
-glomerulus (clusters of capillaries)
-bowman’s capsule ( cup shaped structure that contains the glomerulus)
-proximal convoluted tubules (hollow tubes involved in reabsorption)
-loop of henle ( u-shaped turn involved in reabsorption)
-Distal convoluted tubes (hollow tubes involved in secretion)
- Collecting tubules (hollow tubes that carry urine from from the cortex to the renal pelvis)
What is the loop of henle?
U-shaped turn involved in reabsorption
What is the urethra?
Is a tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
What does urethr/o mean?
Urethra
What is the urinary bladder?
A singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine
Cyst/o means what?
Urinary bladder
What are ureters?
A pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureter/o means what?
Ureter
What is the process of your production called?
Uropoiesis
Poiesis means what?
Formation
Normal urine is what color?
Clear and pale yellow in most species
Chrome means what?
Color
Turbid means what?
Cloudy
What are combining forms for the urinary system?
Urin/o and ur/o
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? (Also known as the circulatory system.)
-To deliver oxygen nutrients and hormones to various tissues of the body.
-Transport waste products to the appropriate waste removal system
What does cardiovascular mean?
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum, a space in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
What surrounds the heart?
The pericardium, a double walled membrane
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
-the fibrous layer
-the serous layer
What are the 2 serous layers?
-parietal layer
-visceral layer
What is the space between the two serous layers of the pericardium?
Pericardial space
What does pericardial fluid prevent?
Friction between the heart and the pericardium when the heartbeats
What are the three walls the heart is made up of?
-Epicardium (external layer)
-myocardium (middle layer)
-endocardium (inner layer)
Epi- means what?
Upper
My/o means what?
Muscle
Endo means what?
Within
What do coronary vessels do?
The blood vessels that deliver blood to and take blood away from the heart
What is a coronary occlusion?
Blockage of the coronary vessels
What is ischemia?
Deficiency and blood supply to an area
Atri/o means what?
Atria
What are the superior chambers of the heart known as?
Atria (singular is atrium)
Ventricles are what?
Inferior chambers of the heart
Ventricul/o means what?
Ventricles
What is the name of the tip of the heart?
Apex
The septum is_______
A separating wall
What is a valve?
A membranous fold
What does the heart valve control?
The flow of blood through the heart
Valv/o and valvul/o mean what?
Valve
Right atrioventricular valve is also known as as the?
Tricuspid valve
What is the heartbeat?
The rate and regularity of the heart rhythm
What influences the heartbeat?
Electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time
What initiates heart rhythm
Sinoatrial node (SA node) also termed the pacemaker of the heart
What does systole mean?
Contraction
What does asystole mean?
Without contraction
What does diastole mean?
Relaxation
What is an arrhythmia? (also known as a dysrhythmia)
Abnormal heart rhythm
What does tachycardia mean?
I’m normally fast heartbeat
What does bradycardia mean?
I’m normally slow heartbeat
What is an electrocardiogram? (EKG or ECG)
Is the record of electrical activity of the myocardium
What is an electrocardiography?
The process of recording electrical activity of the heart
What is the P-wave?
Depolarization (excitation) of the atria
What is the QRS complex?
Depolarization (excitation) of the ventricles
What is the t-wave?
The repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
What is auscultation
Listening to the body sounds with a stethoscope
What sounds can be heard when the heart is auscultated
Lubb and Dubb sound
When auscultated what does the the lubb sound mean
Closing of the atrioventricular valves
When auscultated what does the the dubb sound mean
Closing of the semilunar valve
What is a murmur?
Abnormal sound associated with turbulent blood flow
What are the three major types of blood vessels in animals?
-arteries
-capillaries
-Veins
What is the lumen?
The opening in these vessels through which blood flows
Construction in the lumen is what?
Narrowing of the lumen
Dilation of the lumen is what?
Widening of the lumen
What are the combining forms for vessel?
Angi/o and vas/o
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
What are the combining forms for arteries?
Arteri/o
What are smaller arteries?
Arterioles
What are capillaries?
Single cell thick vessels that connect arterial and Venous systems
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
What are the combining forms for vein?
Ven/o and phleb/o
What is blood pressure?
The tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls
What are the combining forms for pressure or tension?
Tensi/o
What is a pulse?
A rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure
Blood pressure is measured by a?
Sphygmomanometer
What is the functions of the respiratory system?
To bring oxygen from the air into the body for a delivery via blood to the cells
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases (oxygen, and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells
What does ventilation mean?
Bringing in a fresh air ( also known as breathing)
The upper respiratory track consists of what?
The nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
The trachea, the bronchi tree and the lungs
What are the external openings of the nose area called?
Nares
Olfactory receptors are responsible for what?
Sense of smell
Cilia does what?
Filters debris
Nasal turbinates do what?
Warm, humidifier, and filter inspired air
-Air filter fluid filled space
-provide mucous
-make bone lighter
-Helps produce sound
Sinuses
What area is considered the pharynx?
The area from the back of the nasal cavities in the mouth to the larynx
Pharyng/o is the combining form of what?
Pharynx (also known as the throat)
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
The larynx is located between what?
The pharynx in the trachea
What is the combining form for larynx
Laryng/o
The larynx is also known as the what?
The voice box as it contains the vocal cords
The trachea extends from the _______ to the______ and passes air from the_______ to the________.
Neck; chest; larynx; thoracic cavity
What are the combining forms for trachea?
Trache/o
The trachea is also known as the?
Windpipe
The trachea divides into how many branches at the tracheal bifurcation
2
What is the combining form for bronchi?
Bronch/o
What is the singular form of bronchi?
Bronchus
-ole means what?
Small
As the bronchi continue to get smaller and diameter, they become what?
Bronchioles
What is the combining form for bronchioles?
Bronchiol/o
Alveoli are what?
Air sacks in which gas exchange occurs
What is the combining form for aveoli? (small sack.)
Alveol/o
Cost/o is the combining form for what?
Ribs
Thorac/o and -thorax mean what?
Chest cavity or chest
Pneum/o, pneumon/o, and pneu mean what?
Lung or air
Pulm/o and plumon/o mean what?
Lung
What is the membranous sack called that in cases, the lung?
Pleura
Pleur/o is the combining form for what?
Pleura
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates what?
The thoracic and the peritoneal cavities
-dia means what?
Across
What is the combining form for wall?
Phragm/o
What are the combining forms for diaphragm?
Diaphragmat/o and phren/o
What is inhalation?
The drawing of a breath
What is exhalation?
The release of a breath
What is respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
The root -pnea means what?
Breathing
Ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y refer to what
Oxygen
Capn/o refers to?
Carbon dioxide
The integumentary system consists of what?
Skin and its appendages (glands, hair, fur, wool, feathers, scales, claws, beaks, horns, hooves, and nails
What is the role of skin?
To protect animals from infection, waterproof, the body prevent fluid loss, provides spec specification, and provides a site for vitamin D synthesis
Skin is composed of what?
Epithelial tissue
The combining forms for skin or what?
Cutane/o, derm/o, and dermat/o
The suffix -derma means what?
Skin
What are the three layers skin is made up of
-The epidermis
-The dermis
-the subcutaneous layer
The most superficial layer of skin is the?
Epidermis
The middle layer of skin that contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, fibers, and accessory organs
The dermis
The deepest layer of skin that contains connective tissue
The subcutaneous layer
Skin glands are either ________ or _________
Sebaceous or sweat glands
Sebaceous gland, secrete oily substance called what?
Sebum
Seb/o means what?
Oil
Sweat glands are also known as what?
Sudoriferous glands
Hair is made up of what?
Dead protein cells filled with keratin
What are the combining forms for hair?
Pil/i, pil/o trich/o
What are hair follicles?
Sacks that hold hair fibers
Nails and claws are what?
Keratin plates in dogs and cats
Hooves are…?
Horny covering of the distal phalanx In ungulates such as horses,ruminants and swine
What are pads, and dogs and cats?
Thick areas of keratinized epithelium
Walls, souls, and bulbs are found on?
Livestock
Ad
Right ear
As
Left ear
Au
Both ears
BID
Twice a day
disp
Dispense
Od
Right eye
os
Left eye
ou
Both eyes
Prn
As needed
q
Every
q4h
Every four hours
q8h
Every eight hours
qd
Every day (daily)
QID
Four times daily
QOD
Every other day
Rx
Recipe “take thou of”
SID
Once a day
Sig
Sig “ right or label”
STAT
Immediately
TID
Three times a day
IM
Intramuscular
IO
Intraosseous
IP
Intraperitoneal
IV
Intravenous
PO
By mouth
SQ,SC
Subcutaneous
Endo- means?
Within
-crine means?
To secrete or separate
Glands of the normal endocrine system
-one pituitary gland
-one thyroid gland
- 4 parathyroid glands
-to adrenal glands
-1 pancreas
-One thymus
-One penal gland
-2 gonads
What is the combining form of pituitary glands?
Pituit/o
What are the two lobes of pituitary gland?
Anterior and posterior
What are the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland?
-thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Interstitial cell- stimulating hormone(ICSH)
-Prolactin
-Growth hormone (GH)
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
What are the secretions of the posterior pituitary gland?
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-oxytocin
The thyroid gland secretes what?
-triiodothyronine (T3)
- thyroxine(T4)
-calcitonin
What are the combining forms for thyroid gland?
Thyr/o and thyroid/o
The parathyroid secretes what?
Parathormone
Combining form for the parathyroid gland is?
Parathyroid/o
Combining forms for adrenal glands are?
adren/o and adrenal/o
What is the combining form for pancreas?
Pancreat/o
What is the combining form for thymus?
Thym/o
What is the combining form for penal gland?
Pineal/o
What is the combining form for gonads?
Gonad/o
Theriogenology means what
Animal reproduction
Genit/o refers to what?
Reproductive organs
What is the combining form for scrotum?
Scrot/o
What is the combining form for perineum?
Perine/o
What are the combining forms for testes?
Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o, and testicul/o
What is the combining forms for spermatozoa?
Sperm/o, spermat/o
What is the combining form for epididymis?
Epididym/o
What is the combining form for urethra?
Urethr/o
What are the combining forms for penis?
Pen/i
priap/o
What are the combining forms for ovary?
Ovari/o
Oophor/o
What are the combining forms for uterus?
Hyster/o
Metr/o
Metri/o
Uter/o
What is the combining form for cervix?
Cervic/o
What are the combining forms for vulva
Vulv/o
Episi/o
What are the combining forms for vagina?
Colop/o
Vagin/o
What are the combining forms for memory glands?
Mamm/o
Mast/o
What are the four phases of the estrous cycle?
-Proestrus
-estrus
-metestrus
-diestrus
-anestrus
What are they combining forms for umbilicus?
Umbilical/o
What is the combining form for pregnancy?
Pregn/o
What are the combining forms for gestation?
Gest/o
Gestat/o
Parturition is what?
The act of giving birth
What is the combining form of giving birth?
Part/o
What are the three stages of parturition?
- Dilation of the cervix.
- Uterine contraction and delivery of the fetus.
- Separation of the placenta from the uterus.
