Vocab Exam 1

Question 1

What is research? What is nursing research?

Answer 1

Research - systemic inquiry discipline methods to solve problems or answer questions.

Nursing research - systemic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession.

Question 2

Why is research important in nursing?

Answer 2

It is important because many clinical practice changes reflect the impact of research.

Question 3

What is evidence-based practice? Why is it important?

Answer 3

EBP- is the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions.

It is important because nursing decisions must reflect evidence.

Question 4

What are producers and consumers of research?

Answer 4

Producers produce the research or do the experiment.

Consumers use or research other people’s experiments.

Question 5

What are the sources of knowledge and nursing?

Answer 5

Tradition.
Authority.
Clinical experience; trial and error; institution.
Logical reasoning ( inductive and deductive )
Assembled information (quality improvement data )
Disciplined research

Question 6

What is a paradigm? What are the characteristics of positive and constructive (Naturalist) paradigms?

Answer 6

paradigm - a worldview; a general perspective on the complexities of the real world, with certain assumptions about reality.

Positive assumption - reality exists, there is a real-world driven by natural causes.

naturalist assumption - there is multiple realities and is subjective, it is constructed by individuals.

Question 7

What is the definition of research methods? What are the characteristics of the traditional scientific method (Qualitative research) and constructivist method (quantitative research)?

Answer 7

Research methods are techniques used to structure a study and gather, analyze, and and interpret information.

Quantitative research - most often aligns with positivist tradition. Errors and perception should be minimized; seeking to identify/describe / explain objective reality.

Qualitative research - most often aligns with naturalist tradition. Goal is to understand perception itself; seeking to explore and understand subjective perceptions rather than objective reality.

Question 8

What are the components of pico

Answer 8

Population-
Relevant patience.
Age sex geographic location or specific characteristics.

Intervention/indicator management strategies, diagnostic test, or exposure that we are interested in.

Control / compare
Is there a control or alternative management strategy you would like to compare to the intervention or indicator

Outcome
What are the patient relevant consequences of the intervention

Timing / type of study
Time period that I should be considered.
What study type is most beneficial.

Question 9

What is ethical dilemma

Answer 9

When the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for rigorous study.

Question 10

Code of ethics

Answer 10

Nuremberg - voluntary consent

Helsinki - interest of science and society should never be more important than a person’s well-being.

Belmont - respect beneficence, justice

CIOMS- non-maleficent - minimize harm

Question 11

What is right to self-determination

Answer 11

Participants can decide voluntarily whether to participate in studies without penalty

Question 12

What is right to full disclosure

Answer 12

Researcher has fully described the study the person is right to refuse participation and possible risk and benefit

Question 13

What is the procedure for protecting study participants

Answer 13

Risk - benefit assessment.
Informed consent.
Confidentiality procedures.
Debriefing and referrals.
Special treatment of vulnerable groups. 
Institutional review board and external reviews

Question 14

What is a hypothesis

Answer 14

Researchers prediction about relationship among variables

Question 15

What is directional hypothesis

Answer 15

Predicts the direction of a relationship

Question 16

What is non-directional hypothesis

Answer 16

Predict the existence of a relationship not its direction

Question 17

What is simple hypothesis

Answer 17

Express is a predicted relationship between one independent variable and a dependent variable

Question 18

What is complex hypothesis

Answer 18

Stage a predicted relationship between two or more independent variables and/or two or more deep in the variables

Question 19

What is research hypothesis

Answer 19

States the actual prediction of a relationship

Question 20

What is the statistical or null hypothesis

Answer 20

Expresses the absence of a relationship used only in statistical testing

Question 21

What are the research variables

Answer 21

Continuous variable - assumes different variables between each point. Example age, weight, height.

Categorical variable- represent distinct groups. Example marital status.

Independent variable - the presumed cause. What’s being changed or manipulated.

Dependent variable- The presumed effect. What’s being measured.

Question 22

What is systemic review

Answer 22

Vigorous synthesis of research findings in a particular research question.

Question 23

What is paradigm

Answer 23

Worldwide view, a general perspective on the world’s complexities

Question 24

Positive paradigm

Answer 24

Reality exist there is a real world driven by rreal natural causes

Question 25

Constructivist paradigm or naturalist paradigm

Answer 25

Reality is so multiple subjective, mentally constructed by individuals; Their perception

Question 26

Research method

Answer 26

Techniques used to structure a study and together and analyze relevant information

Question 27

Quantitative research

Answer 27

Most often allied with positive tradition

Question 28

Qualitative research

Answer 28

Most often alive with naturalist tradition

Question 29

Cause probing

Answer 29

Seeks to eliminate the underlying cause of phenomena

Question 30

Empirical evidence

Answer 30

evidence that is rooted in objective reality and gather directly or indirectly through the senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches

Question 31

Generalizability

Answer 31

Ability to generalize research findings in individuals other than those who took part in the study

Question 32

Clinical practice guideline

Answer 32

practice guidelines that are evidence-based combining a synthesis and appraisal of research evidence with specific recommendations for clinical decisions

Question 33

Cochran collaboration

Answer 33

an international organization that aims to facilitate well-informed decisions about healthcare by preparing systemic reviews of the effect of healthcare interventions

Question 34

Evidence hierarchy

Answer 34

Ranked arrangement of the validity and dependability of evidence-based in the rigor of the method that produces it the traditional evidence hierarchy is appropriate primarily for cause probing research

Question 35

Evidence-based practice

Answer 35

A practice that involves making clinical decisions based on and integration of the best available evidence

Question 36

Implementation potential

Answer 36

The extent to which an innovation is amenable to implementation in a new setting. An assessment of implementation potential is often made in an evidence-based practice project

Question 37

Research utilization

Answer 37

Use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to the original research

Question 38

Background question

Answer 38

Foundational ask about general knowledge about a condition test or treatment. 5Ws

Question 39

Foreground question

Answer 39

Answerable based on current best research evidence asks specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions

Question 40

Clinical practice guidelines

Answer 40

Recommendations for clinicians about the care patients with specific conditions

Question 41

Meta analysis

Answer 41

defining from a multiple studies in the same topic are combined and then all of the information is analyzed statistically in a very similar to that in a usual study

Question 42

Conceptual

Answer 42

The abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied

Question 43

Operational

Answer 43

The measurements a researcher must perform to collect the desired information

Question 44

Data

Answer 44

The pieces of information researchers collect in a study

Question 45

Cause and effect

Answer 45

Independent variable causes or affects the outcome

Question 46

Functional

Answer 46

Related to a non-causal way

Question 47

Experimental

Answer 47

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment

Question 48

Not experimental

Answer 48

We should just collect data without intervening or introducing treatments observational research

Question 49

Is IMRAD format

Answer 49

Intro, method, results, discussion

Question 50

What is the abstract

Answer 50

Brief description of major features of a study

Question 51

What is discussion

Answer 51

Interpretation of the results

Question 52

What is bias

Answer 52

An influencing producing a distortion and study results

Question 53

So what is the confounding variables

Answer 53

Contaminating factors

Question 54

What is research control

Answer 54

Attempts to eliminate contaminating factors that might cloud the relationship between variable and area of central interest