Vocab Exam 1 Flashcards
What is research? What is nursing research?
Research - systemic inquiry discipline methods to solve problems or answer questions.
Nursing research - systemic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession.
Why is research important in nursing?
It is important because many clinical practice changes reflect the impact of research.
What is evidence-based practice? Why is it important?
EBP- is the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions.
It is important because nursing decisions must reflect evidence.
What are producers and consumers of research?
Producers produce the research or do the experiment.
Consumers use or research other people’s experiments.
What are the sources of knowledge and nursing?
Tradition.
Authority.
Clinical experience; trial and error; institution.
Logical reasoning ( inductive and deductive )
Assembled information (quality improvement data )
Disciplined research
What is a paradigm? What are the characteristics of positive and constructive (Naturalist) paradigms?
paradigm - a worldview; a general perspective on the complexities of the real world, with certain assumptions about reality.
Positive assumption - reality exists, there is a real-world driven by natural causes.
naturalist assumption - there is multiple realities and is subjective, it is constructed by individuals.
What is the definition of research methods? What are the characteristics of the traditional scientific method (Qualitative research) and constructivist method (quantitative research)?
Research methods are techniques used to structure a study and gather, analyze, and and interpret information.
Quantitative research - most often aligns with positivist tradition. Errors and perception should be minimized; seeking to identify/describe / explain objective reality.
Qualitative research - most often aligns with naturalist tradition. Goal is to understand perception itself; seeking to explore and understand subjective perceptions rather than objective reality.
What are the components of pico
Population-
Relevant patience.
Age sex geographic location or specific characteristics.
Intervention/indicator management strategies, diagnostic test, or exposure that we are interested in.
Control / compare
Is there a control or alternative management strategy you would like to compare to the intervention or indicator
Outcome
What are the patient relevant consequences of the intervention
Timing / type of study
Time period that I should be considered.
What study type is most beneficial.
What is ethical dilemma
When the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for rigorous study.
Code of ethics
Nuremberg - voluntary consent
Helsinki - interest of science and society should never be more important than a person’s well-being.
Belmont - respect beneficence, justice
CIOMS- non-maleficent - minimize harm
What is right to self-determination
Participants can decide voluntarily whether to participate in studies without penalty
What is right to full disclosure
Researcher has fully described the study the person is right to refuse participation and possible risk and benefit
What is the procedure for protecting study participants
Risk - benefit assessment. Informed consent. Confidentiality procedures. Debriefing and referrals. Special treatment of vulnerable groups. Institutional review board and external reviews
What is a hypothesis
Researchers prediction about relationship among variables
What is directional hypothesis
Predicts the direction of a relationship
What is non-directional hypothesis
Predict the existence of a relationship not its direction
What is simple hypothesis
Express is a predicted relationship between one independent variable and a dependent variable
What is complex hypothesis
Stage a predicted relationship between two or more independent variables and/or two or more deep in the variables
What is research hypothesis
States the actual prediction of a relationship
What is the statistical or null hypothesis
Expresses the absence of a relationship used only in statistical testing
What are the research variables
Continuous variable - assumes different variables between each point. Example age, weight, height.
Categorical variable- represent distinct groups. Example marital status.
Independent variable - the presumed cause. What’s being changed or manipulated.
Dependent variable- The presumed effect. What’s being measured.
What is systemic review
Vigorous synthesis of research findings in a particular research question.
What is paradigm
Worldwide view, a general perspective on the world’s complexities
Positive paradigm
Reality exist there is a real world driven by rreal natural causes
Constructivist paradigm or naturalist paradigm
Reality is so multiple subjective, mentally constructed by individuals; Their perception
Research method
Techniques used to structure a study and together and analyze relevant information
Quantitative research
Most often allied with positive tradition
Qualitative research
Most often alive with naturalist tradition
Cause probing
Seeks to eliminate the underlying cause of phenomena
Empirical evidence
evidence that is rooted in objective reality and gather directly or indirectly through the senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches
Generalizability
Ability to generalize research findings in individuals other than those who took part in the study
Clinical practice guideline
practice guidelines that are evidence-based combining a synthesis and appraisal of research evidence with specific recommendations for clinical decisions
Cochran collaboration
an international organization that aims to facilitate well-informed decisions about healthcare by preparing systemic reviews of the effect of healthcare interventions
Evidence hierarchy
Ranked arrangement of the validity and dependability of evidence-based in the rigor of the method that produces it the traditional evidence hierarchy is appropriate primarily for cause probing research
Evidence-based practice
A practice that involves making clinical decisions based on and integration of the best available evidence
Implementation potential
The extent to which an innovation is amenable to implementation in a new setting. An assessment of implementation potential is often made in an evidence-based practice project
Research utilization
Use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to the original research
Background question
Foundational ask about general knowledge about a condition test or treatment. 5Ws
Foreground question
Answerable based on current best research evidence asks specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions
Clinical practice guidelines
Recommendations for clinicians about the care patients with specific conditions
Meta analysis
defining from a multiple studies in the same topic are combined and then all of the information is analyzed statistically in a very similar to that in a usual study
Conceptual
The abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied
Operational
The measurements a researcher must perform to collect the desired information
Data
The pieces of information researchers collect in a study
Cause and effect
Independent variable causes or affects the outcome
Functional
Related to a non-causal way
Experimental
Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment
Not experimental
We should just collect data without intervening or introducing treatments observational research
Is IMRAD format
Intro, method, results, discussion
What is the abstract
Brief description of major features of a study
What is discussion
Interpretation of the results
What is bias
An influencing producing a distortion and study results
So what is the confounding variables
Contaminating factors
What is research control
Attempts to eliminate contaminating factors that might cloud the relationship between variable and area of central interest
