Vocab Exam #1 Flashcards
DNA is a double helix, it has a set of nucleotides that contain genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce
DNA
when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
Chemical reactions
The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate
Chemical Equilibrium
Saturated fatty acid
LINEAR STRUCTURE ALLOWS FATTY ACID CHAINS TO PACK TOGETHER CLOSELY. NO DOUBLE BONDS, THEREFORE MORE HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH HYDROGENS). AS A RESULT ARE OFTEN SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
Joule
the basic unit of electrical energy, and is equal to the work completed when one ampere of current is passed through a resistance of one ohm for one second; what a scientist would use to measure energy.
A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as polymer; The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer
Monomer
Dependent variable
The variable whose value is measured to determine the extent of the effect of another variable to it, as in an experiment; a factor whose value changes when the independent variable is changed
Electronegativity
a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used
Monomer
A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as polymer; The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer
Pyrimidine
nitrogenous bases are derived from the organic compound pyrimidine through the addition of various functional groups. The three pyrimidines are thymine which is only found in DNA, uracil which is only found in RNA, and cytosine which is found in both DNA and RNA.
the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context
Proteomics
Chromosomes
the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness.
Atom
An atom a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that can be touched physically.) Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made of atoms.
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is an example of kinetic energy, as it is due to the motion of particles, with motion being the key. Thermal energy results in an object or a system having a temperature that can be measured. Thermal energy can be transferred from one object or system to another in the form of heat.
Heat energy is the result of the movement of atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.
Heat
Hydrophobic
The word hydrophobic describes the fact that nonpolar substances don’t combine with water molecules. Oxygen, as an electronegative atom, draws the electrons of each bond closer to its core, thus creating a more negative charge. Therefore, any materials with a charge, be it negative or positive, will be able to interact with water molecules to dissolve.
Steroids
Steroids can be defined by their chemical structure. We see that steroids are organic compounds that contain four rings of carbon atoms. Specifically, we see that all steroids have three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring.
Chemical reactions
when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
Double Bonds
a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond occurs between two carbon atoms and can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements.
A supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment.
Hypothesis
Proteomics
the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context
A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds, and found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers
Starch
Controlled experiment
a scientific test that is directly manipulated by a scientist, in order to test a single variable at a time. The variable being tested is the independent variable, and is adjusted to see the effects on the system being studied.
a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
Glycosidic linkage
X-ray crystallography
is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions
is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water.
Disaccharides
Atomic mass
Atomic mass is roughly equal to the sum of the individual particle masses of an atom. Atoms have three basic components: protons (positively charged particles), neutrons (non-charged particles), and electrons (negatively charged particles).
Chemical Equilibrium
The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate
Peptide Bond
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. This is a dehydration synthesis reaction, and usually occurs between amino acids
Fatty Acids
Molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Fatty acids come from animal and vegetable fats and oils.
the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness.
Chromosomes
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule
Cohesion
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
Chemical Bonds
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. RNA is synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Central dogma
found in RNA, is a “normal” sugar, with one oxygen atom attached to each carbon atom.
Ribose
The variable whose value is measured to determine the extent of the effect of another variable to it, as in an experiment; a factor whose value changes when the independent variable is changed
Dependent variable
energy due to position, it is stored energy which can be used to do work. The mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy. A form of energy that has potential for a reaction, though at present is in a stored form.
Potential Energy
Reductionism
the theory that every complex phenomenon, especially in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in operation during the phenomenon.
Disaccharides
is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water.
Cholesterol
a waxy type of lipid, a substance that is insoluble in water, like oil or fat. Specifically, cholesterol is a type of fat that is made up of four interlocked rings of carbon called a steroid
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of heat one gram of a pure liquid must absorb to be converted from a liquid to a gas
Starch
A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds, and found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers
Covalent Bonds
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. covalent bond. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom (H) shares an electron with the oxygen atom (O).
Phospholipid
UNIQUE STRUCTURE; TWO HYDROPHOBIC TAILS COMPOSED OF LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS DO NOT INTERACT WITH WATER; SPONTANEOUSLY ARRANGE THEMSELVES TO MINIMIZE CONTACT.; HYDROPHILIC HEAD INTERACTS WITH WATER; NECESSARY PART OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
UNIQUE STRUCTURE; TWO HYDROPHOBIC TAILS COMPOSED OF LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS DO NOT INTERACT WITH WATER; SPONTANEOUSLY ARRANGE THEMSELVES TO MINIMIZE CONTACT.; HYDROPHILIC HEAD INTERACTS WITH WATER; NECESSARY PART OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Phospholipid
Any of a number of elements required by living organisms to ensure normal growth, development, and maintenance. Apart from the elements found in organic compounds (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)
Essential Elements
Aqueous Solution
A solution wherein water is the dissolving medium or solvent. Supplement. Solution, by definition, is a type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances are distributed uniformly throughout another substance
Cohesion
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule
Ionic Compounds
A compound which is held together by ionic bonds; composed of one or more cations (+ charged ions) and one or more anions (- charged ions).
Electrons
An electron is a stable negatively charged component of an atom. Electrons exist outside of and surrounding the atom nucleus. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge
Steroids can be defined by their chemical structure. We see that steroids are organic compounds that contain four rings of carbon atoms. Specifically, we see that all steroids have three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring.
Steroids
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration, and fermentation
Heat
Heat energy is the result of the movement of atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.
LINEAR STRUCTURE ALLOWS FATTY ACID CHAINS TO PACK TOGETHER CLOSELY. NO DOUBLE BONDS, THEREFORE MORE HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH HYDROGENS). AS A RESULT ARE OFTEN SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
Saturated fatty acid
A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution. 2. In a solution, the solvent is the one that is usually present in greater amount than the solute
Solvent
An elementary atomic particle that has no charge and a mass that is approximately the same as that of a proton. Neutrons are found in all atoms except the lightest isotopes of hydrogen
Neutrons
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding; hygroscopic. Hydrophilic molecules typically have polar groups enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents
A solution wherein water is the dissolving medium or solvent. Supplement. Solution, by definition, is a type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances are distributed uniformly throughout another substance
Aqueous Solution
the substances made by a chemical reaction
Products
a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function. In the absence of demonstrated function a gene may be characterized by sequence, transcription or homology.
Genes
Genomics
Defined as the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques
Enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
A fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvent but not in polar solvent, and whose major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling
Lipids
the theory that every complex phenomenon, especially in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in operation during the phenomenon.
Reductionism
An atom a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that can be touched physically.) Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made of atoms.
Atom
a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond occurs between two carbon atoms and can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements.
Double Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule
any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different atomic weights.
Isotopes
consist of either one or two long chains of repeating units called nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Nucleic acids
The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. Supplement. Adhesion may refer to the joining of two different substances due to attractive forces that hold them
Adhesion
Deductive reasoning
Working forwards, starting at the hypothesis working towards an unknown conclusion. Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom-up logic.
proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
Enzymes
Nucleotides
one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid
a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
a measure of energy in food, specifically the measure of heat needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius. An example of a calorie is five calories are needed to bring a kilogram of water up one degree Celsius.
Calorie
Unsaturated fatty acids
Has one or more double bonds, therefore fewer hydrogens. The double bonds form a kink in the structure; Also referred to as an oil.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of movement — the motion of molecules, for example. The second form of energy, potential energy, or stored energy, is more important in the study of biological or chemical systems.
Reactants
substances changed during a chemical reaction
Matter
The material of the universe, especially one that occupies space and has mass; The substance that make up an object
The amount of energy (measured in calories or joules) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a pure substance by one degree c°
Specific Heat
Catalysts
The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. Substances that can accomplish this remarkable feat are termed catalysts and are of immense importance in chemistry and biology.
A compound which is held together by ionic bonds; composed of one or more cations (+ charged ions) and one or more anions (- charged ions).
Ionic Compounds
