Vocab Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
DNA is a double helix, it has a set of nucleotides that contain genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce
A
DNA
2
Q
when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
A
Chemical reactions
3
Q
The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate
A
Chemical Equilibrium
4
Q
Saturated fatty acid
A
LINEAR STRUCTURE ALLOWS FATTY ACID CHAINS TO PACK TOGETHER CLOSELY. NO DOUBLE BONDS, THEREFORE MORE HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH HYDROGENS). AS A RESULT ARE OFTEN SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
5
Q
Joule
A
the basic unit of electrical energy, and is equal to the work completed when one ampere of current is passed through a resistance of one ohm for one second; what a scientist would use to measure energy.
6
Q
A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as polymer; The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer
A
Monomer
7
Q
Dependent variable
A
The variable whose value is measured to determine the extent of the effect of another variable to it, as in an experiment; a factor whose value changes when the independent variable is changed
8
Q
Electronegativity
A
a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used
9
Q
Monomer
A
A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as polymer; The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer
10
Q
Pyrimidine
A
nitrogenous bases are derived from the organic compound pyrimidine through the addition of various functional groups. The three pyrimidines are thymine which is only found in DNA, uracil which is only found in RNA, and cytosine which is found in both DNA and RNA.
11
Q
the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context
A
Proteomics
12
Q
Chromosomes
A
the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness.
13
Q
Atom
A
An atom a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that can be touched physically.) Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made of atoms.
14
Q
Thermal Energy
A
Thermal energy is an example of kinetic energy, as it is due to the motion of particles, with motion being the key. Thermal energy results in an object or a system having a temperature that can be measured. Thermal energy can be transferred from one object or system to another in the form of heat.
15
Q
Heat energy is the result of the movement of atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.
A
Heat
16
Q
Hydrophobic
A
The word hydrophobic describes the fact that nonpolar substances don’t combine with water molecules. Oxygen, as an electronegative atom, draws the electrons of each bond closer to its core, thus creating a more negative charge. Therefore, any materials with a charge, be it negative or positive, will be able to interact with water molecules to dissolve.
17
Q
Steroids
A
Steroids can be defined by their chemical structure. We see that steroids are organic compounds that contain four rings of carbon atoms. Specifically, we see that all steroids have three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring.
18
Q
Chemical reactions
A
when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
19
Q
Double Bonds
A
a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond occurs between two carbon atoms and can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements.
20
Q
A supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment.
A
Hypothesis
21
Q
Proteomics
A
the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context
22
Q
A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds, and found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers
A
Starch
23
Q
Controlled experiment
A
a scientific test that is directly manipulated by a scientist, in order to test a single variable at a time. The variable being tested is the independent variable, and is adjusted to see the effects on the system being studied.
24
Q
a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
A
Glycosidic linkage
25
X-ray crystallography
is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions
26
is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water.
Disaccharides
27
Atomic mass
Atomic mass is roughly equal to the sum of the individual particle masses of an atom. Atoms have three basic components: protons (positively charged particles), neutrons (non-charged particles), and electrons (negatively charged particles).
28
Chemical Equilibrium
The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate
29
Peptide Bond
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. This is a dehydration synthesis reaction, and usually occurs between amino acids
30
Fatty Acids
Molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Fatty acids come from animal and vegetable fats and oils.
31
the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness.
Chromosomes
32
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule
Cohesion
33
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
Chemical Bonds
34
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. RNA is synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Central dogma
35
found in RNA, is a "normal" sugar, with one oxygen atom attached to each carbon atom.
Ribose
36
The variable whose value is measured to determine the extent of the effect of another variable to it, as in an experiment; a factor whose value changes when the independent variable is changed
Dependent variable
37
energy due to position, it is stored energy which can be used to do work. The mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy. A form of energy that has potential for a reaction, though at present is in a stored form.
Potential Energy
38
Reductionism
the theory that every complex phenomenon, especially in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in operation during the phenomenon.
39
Disaccharides
is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water.
40
Cholesterol
a waxy type of lipid, a substance that is insoluble in water, like oil or fat. Specifically, cholesterol is a type of fat that is made up of four interlocked rings of carbon called a steroid
41
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of heat one gram of a pure liquid must absorb to be converted from a liquid to a gas
42
Starch
A polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds, and found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers
43
Covalent Bonds
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. covalent bond. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom (H) shares an electron with the oxygen atom (O).
44
Phospholipid
UNIQUE STRUCTURE; TWO HYDROPHOBIC TAILS COMPOSED OF LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS DO NOT INTERACT WITH WATER; SPONTANEOUSLY ARRANGE THEMSELVES TO MINIMIZE CONTACT.; HYDROPHILIC HEAD INTERACTS WITH WATER; NECESSARY PART OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
45
UNIQUE STRUCTURE; TWO HYDROPHOBIC TAILS COMPOSED OF LONG HYDROCARBON CHAINS DO NOT INTERACT WITH WATER; SPONTANEOUSLY ARRANGE THEMSELVES TO MINIMIZE CONTACT.; HYDROPHILIC HEAD INTERACTS WITH WATER; NECESSARY PART OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Phospholipid
46
Any of a number of elements required by living organisms to ensure normal growth, development, and maintenance. Apart from the elements found in organic compounds (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)
Essential Elements
47
Aqueous Solution
A solution wherein water is the dissolving medium or solvent. Supplement. Solution, by definition, is a type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances are distributed uniformly throughout another substance
48
Cohesion
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule
49
Ionic Compounds
A compound which is held together by ionic bonds; composed of one or more cations (+ charged ions) and one or more anions (- charged ions).
50
Electrons
An electron is a stable negatively charged component of an atom. Electrons exist outside of and surrounding the atom nucleus. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge
51
Steroids can be defined by their chemical structure. We see that steroids are organic compounds that contain four rings of carbon atoms. Specifically, we see that all steroids have three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring.
Steroids
52
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration, and fermentation
53
Heat
Heat energy is the result of the movement of atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.
54
LINEAR STRUCTURE ALLOWS FATTY ACID CHAINS TO PACK TOGETHER CLOSELY. NO DOUBLE BONDS, THEREFORE MORE HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH HYDROGENS). AS A RESULT ARE OFTEN SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
Saturated fatty acid
55
A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution. 2. In a solution, the solvent is the one that is usually present in greater amount than the solute
Solvent
56
An elementary atomic particle that has no charge and a mass that is approximately the same as that of a proton. Neutrons are found in all atoms except the lightest isotopes of hydrogen
Neutrons
57
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding; hygroscopic. Hydrophilic molecules typically have polar groups enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents
58
A solution wherein water is the dissolving medium or solvent. Supplement. Solution, by definition, is a type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances are distributed uniformly throughout another substance
Aqueous Solution
59
the substances made by a chemical reaction
Products
60
a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function. In the absence of demonstrated function a gene may be characterized by sequence, transcription or homology.
Genes
61
Genomics
Defined as the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques
62
Enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
63
A fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvent but not in polar solvent, and whose major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling
Lipids
64
the theory that every complex phenomenon, especially in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in operation during the phenomenon.
Reductionism
65
An atom a fundamental piece of matter. (Matter is anything that can be touched physically.) Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made of atoms.
Atom
66
a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond occurs between two carbon atoms and can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements.
Double Bonds
67
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule
68
any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different atomic weights.
Isotopes
69
consist of either one or two long chains of repeating units called nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Nucleic acids
70
The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. Supplement. Adhesion may refer to the joining of two different substances due to attractive forces that hold them
Adhesion
71
Deductive reasoning
Working forwards, starting at the hypothesis working towards an unknown conclusion. Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom-up logic.
72
proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
Enzymes
73
Nucleotides
one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid
74
a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
75
a measure of energy in food, specifically the measure of heat needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius. An example of a calorie is five calories are needed to bring a kilogram of water up one degree Celsius.
Calorie
76
Unsaturated fatty acids
Has one or more double bonds, therefore fewer hydrogens. The double bonds form a kink in the structure; Also referred to as an oil.
77
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of movement — the motion of molecules, for example. The second form of energy, potential energy, or stored energy, is more important in the study of biological or chemical systems.
78
Reactants
substances changed during a chemical reaction
79
Matter
The material of the universe, especially one that occupies space and has mass; The substance that make up an object
80
The amount of energy (measured in calories or joules) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a pure substance by one degree c°
Specific Heat
81
Catalysts
The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. Substances that can accomplish this remarkable feat are termed catalysts and are of immense importance in chemistry and biology.
82
A compound which is held together by ionic bonds; composed of one or more cations (+ charged ions) and one or more anions (- charged ions).
Ionic Compounds
83
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons
Elements
84
The scientific process
The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, and conducting scientific experiments. Scientific inquiry starts with an observation followed by the formulation of a question about what has been observed. The steps of the scientific method are as follows: Observation Question Hypothesis Experiment Results Conclusion
85
A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology
Polysaccharides
86
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. covalent bond. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom (H) shares an electron with the oxygen atom (O).
Covalent Bonds
87
Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding; hygroscopic. Hydrophilic molecules typically have polar groups enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents
Hydrophilic
88
Carbohydrates
are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
89
Glycosidic linkage
a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
90
change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. To help insure the population stays alive.
Evolution
91
Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment; the factor that affects the value of variables dependent to it
92
The word hydrophobic describes the fact that nonpolar substances don't combine with water molecules. Oxygen, as an electronegative atom, draws the electrons of each bond closer to its core, thus creating a more negative charge. Therefore, any materials with a charge, be it negative or positive, will be able to interact with water molecules to dissolve.
Hydrophobic
93
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration, and fermentation
ATP
94
Macromolecules
A large complex molecule, such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, with relatively large molecular weight.
95
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and also its characteristic atomic number. The atomic numbers of the known elements form a complete series
Atomic number
96
any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
Organic Compounds
97
substances changed during a chemical reaction
Reactants
98
Calorie
a measure of energy in food, specifically the measure of heat needed to raise a kilogram or a gram of water by one degree Celsius. An example of a calorie is five calories are needed to bring a kilogram of water up one degree Celsius.
99
Working forwards, starting at the hypothesis working towards an unknown conclusion. Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom-up logic.
Deductive reasoning
100
DNA
DNA is a double helix, it has a set of nucleotides that contain genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce
101
Protons
stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
102
a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other atom. Can be dissolved in water.
Polar Covalent Bond
103
Ribose
found in RNA, is a "normal" sugar, with one oxygen atom attached to each carbon atom.
104
Temperature
a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object, which is a type of energy associated with motion.
105
Molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Fatty acids come from animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Fatty Acids
106
A heterocyclic aromatic compound with a chemical structure comprised of an imidazole ring fused to a pyrimidine ring, and makes up nucleic acids and certain alkaloids
Purine
107
are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
108
Evaporative Cooling
the process of removing heat from a surface due to the evaporation of water. Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing phases, allowing it to remove heat from the surface it is on. When water turns from liquid to gas, it's called evaporation.
109
Trace Elements
any of various chemical elements, such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and iodine, that occur in very small amounts in organisms and are essential for many physiological and biochemical processes.
110
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF RNA; EACH TYPE HAS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION WITHIN THE CELL; MRNA AND TRNA ARE INVOLVED IN PROTEIN PRODUCTION; SINGLE STRANDED
RNA
111
Single Bonds
a chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons. That is, the atoms share one pair of electrons where the bond forms. Therefore, a single bond is a type of covalent bond.
112
Polynucleotides
a biopolymer composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers covalently bonded in a chain. DNA and RNA are examples of polynucleotides with distinct biological function.
113
a scientific test that is directly manipulated by a scientist, in order to test a single variable at a time. The variable being tested is the independent variable, and is adjusted to see the effects on the system being studied.
Controlled experiment
114
Evolution
change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. To help insure the population stays alive.
115
Hypothesis
A supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment.
116
Chemical Bonds
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
117
power that may be translated into motion, overcoming resistance or causing a physical change. Energy assumes several forms; it may be thermal, electrical, mechanical, chemical, radiant, or kinetic. In doing work, the energy is changed from one form to one or more other forms. In these changes some of the energy is “lost” in the sense that it cannot be recaptured and used again. Usually there is loss in the form of heat; all energy changes give off a certain amount of heat.
Energy
118
Hydrogen bonds
a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules
119
The process in which a person starts with the conclusion, the conclusion may be a part of the hypothesis but it is unknown as to how the conclusion supports a hypothesis. With inductive reasoning the work has to be done backwards using the conclusion to prove the hypothesis
Inductive reasoning
120
Atomic mass is roughly equal to the sum of the individual particle masses of an atom. Atoms have three basic components: protons (positively charged particles), neutrons (non-charged particles), and electrons (negatively charged particles).
Atomic mass
121
Dehydration Reaction
a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reactant. the word reactant is singular: ie. about one molecule of reactant losing one molecule of water
122
Inductive reasoning
The process in which a person starts with the conclusion, the conclusion may be a part of the hypothesis but it is unknown as to how the conclusion supports a hypothesis. With inductive reasoning the work has to be done backwards using the conclusion to prove the hypothesis
123
A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other. The van der Waals force is caused by temporary attractions between electron-rich regions of one molecule and electron-poor regions of another.
Van der Waals Interactions
124
A simple sugar that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides; examples are fructose, glucose, and ribose
Monosaccharide
125
a chemical bond between two atoms involving two valence electrons. That is, the atoms share one pair of electrons where the bond forms. Therefore, a single bond is a type of covalent bond.
Single Bonds
126
The definition of cellulose is the main substance that makes up the cell walls and fibers of plants.
Cellulose
127
a waxy type of lipid, a substance that is insoluble in water, like oil or fat. Specifically, cholesterol is a type of fat that is made up of four interlocked rings of carbon called a steroid
Cholesterol
128
Isotopes
any of two or more forms of a chemical element, having the same number of protons in the nucleus, or the same atomic number, but having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different atomic weights.
129
the attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into the bulk of the liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area
Surface Tension
130
Denaturation
process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural state
131
Products
the substances made by a chemical reaction
132
Genes
a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function. In the absence of demonstrated function a gene may be characterized by sequence, transcription or homology.
133
Elements
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons
134
a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reactant. the word reactant is singular: ie. about one molecule of reactant losing one molecule of water
Dehydration Reaction
135
Water refers to a chemical substance consisting of two hydrogen atoms bound to the central oxygen atom via a covalent bond. This configuration results in a molecule that is polar. Since a water molecule is polarized, the electronegative hydrogen of one water molecule is electrostatically attracted to the electropositive oxygen atom of the nearby water molecule
Water
136
Organic Compounds
any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
137
Has one or more double bonds, therefore fewer hydrogens. The double bonds form a kink in the structure; Also referred to as an oil.
Unsaturated fatty acids
138
the basic unit of electrical energy, and is equal to the work completed when one ampere of current is passed through a resistance of one ohm for one second; what a scientist would use to measure energy.
Joule
139
Van der Waals Interactions
A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other. The van der Waals force is caused by temporary attractions between electron-rich regions of one molecule and electron-poor regions of another.
140
Polysaccharides
A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology
141
any of various chemical elements, such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and iodine, that occur in very small amounts in organisms and are essential for many physiological and biochemical processes.
Trace Elements
142
Triacylglycerol
a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids, hence the tri- prefix, which means three. A triglyceride’s head is glycerol, which is a simple sugar alcohol compound.
143
experimental variable
a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables. independent variable. variable quantity, variable - a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
144
Polar Covalent Bond
a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other atom. Can dissolve in water.
145
a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules
Hydrogen bonds
146
nitrogenous bases are derived from the organic compound pyrimidine through the addition of various functional groups. The three pyrimidines are thymine which is only found in DNA, uracil which is only found in RNA, and cytosine which is found in both DNA and RNA.
Pyrimidine
147
Thermal energy is an example of kinetic energy, as it is due to the motion of particles, with motion being the key. Thermal energy results in an object or a system having a temperature that can be measured. Thermal energy can be transferred from one object or system to another in the form of heat.
Thermal Energy
148
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar that constitutes the building blocks of a more complex form of sugars such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides; examples are fructose, glucose, and ribose
149
a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids, hence the tri- prefix, which means three. A triglyceride’s head is glycerol, which is a simple sugar alcohol compound.
Triacylglycerol
150
The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. Substances that can accomplish this remarkable feat are termed catalysts and are of immense importance in chemistry and biology.
Catalysts
151
Nucleic acids
consist of either one or two long chains of repeating units called nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate. The two main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
152
Genes
the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. It is because a gene is comprised of nucleotides that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism. The genes make up the sequences of DNA
153
The amount of heat one gram of a pure liquid must absorb to be converted from a liquid to a gas
Heat of Vaporization
154
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose, found in DNA, is a modified sugar, lacking one oxygen atom (hence the name "deoxy").
155
An electron is a stable negatively charged component of an atom. Electrons exist outside of and surrounding the atom nucleus. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge
Electrons
156
Glycogen
A multi-branched polymer of glucose, mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.
157
Surface Tension
the attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into the bulk of the liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area
158
one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid
Nucleotides
159
Kinetic energy is the energy of movement — the motion of molecules, for example. The second form of energy, potential energy, or stored energy, is more important in the study of biological or chemical systems.
Kinetic Energy
160
a chemical reaction in which water breaks down another compound and changes its makeup
Hydrolysis
161
the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. It is because a gene is comprised of nucleotides that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism. The genes make up the sequences of DNA
Genes
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Defined as the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques
Genomics
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Essential Elements
Any of a number of elements required by living organisms to ensure normal growth, development, and maintenance. Apart from the elements found in organic compounds (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)
164
a biopolymer composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers covalently bonded in a chain. DNA and RNA are examples of polynucleotides with distinct biological function.
Polynucleotides
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The variable that is manipulated in an experiment; the factor that affects the value of variables dependent to it
Independent variable
166
Potential Energy
energy due to position, it is stored energy which can be used to do work. The mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy. A form of energy that has potential for a reaction, though at present is in a stored form.
167
Specific Heat
The amount of energy (measured in calories or joules) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a pure substance by one degree c°
168
consists of the dissolved material called the solute and the dissolving agent called the solvent completely and equally.
Solution
169
Mass number is an integer (whole number) equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus. In other words, it is the sum of the number of nucleons in an atom
Mass number
170
A multi-branched polymer of glucose, mainly produced in liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.
Glycogen
171
a type of organic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2) as well as a side chain (designated as R) that is specific to the individual amino acid. Amino acids are considered to be the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
Amino acid
172
a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system. Emergent properties help living organisms better adapt to their environments and increase their chances of survival.
Emergent properties
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a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. This is a dehydration synthesis reaction, and usually occurs between amino acids
Peptide Bond
174
Water
Water refers to a chemical substance consisting of two hydrogen atoms bound to the central oxygen atom via a covalent bond. This configuration results in a molecule that is polar. Since a water molecule is polarized, the electronegative hydrogen of one water molecule is electrostatically attracted to the electropositive oxygen atom of the nearby water molecule
175
process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural state
Denaturation
176
A large complex molecule, such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, with relatively large molecular weight.
Macromolecules
177
A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together, e.g. carbon dioxide, a substance consisting of carbon and two oxygen atoms
Compounds
178
The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, and conducting scientific experiments. Scientific inquiry starts with an observation followed by the formulation of a question about what has been observed. The steps of the scientific method are as follows: Observation Question Hypothesis Experiment Results Conclusion
The scientific process
179
Emergent properties
a characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system. Emergent properties help living organisms better adapt to their environments and increase their chances of survival.
180
a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms. It can be gas, liquid, or solid. The solvent, or substance that dissolves the solute, breaks the solute apart and distributes the solute molecules equally
Solute
181
Neutrons
An elementary atomic particle that has no charge and a mass that is approximately the same as that of a proton. Neutrons are found in all atoms except the lightest isotopes of hydrogen
182
Solution
consists of the dissolved material called the solute and the dissolving agent called the solvent completely and equally.
183
Mass number
Mass number is an integer (whole number) equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus. In other words, it is the sum of the number of nucleons in an atom
184
Solute
a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms. It can be gas, liquid, or solid. The solvent, or substance that dissolves the solute, breaks the solute apart and distributes the solute molecules equally
185
Deoxyribose, found in DNA, is a modified sugar, lacking one oxygen atom (hence the name "deoxy").
Deoxyribose
186
a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used
Electronegativity
187
Polymer
Polymers are made from monomers linked by chemical bonds. They are produced by polymerization, and occur either naturally or synthetically
188
a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object, which is a type of energy associated with motion.
Temperature
189
RNA
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF RNA; EACH TYPE HAS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION WITHIN THE CELL; MRNA AND TRNA ARE INVOLVED IN PROTEIN PRODUCTION; SINGLE STRANDED
190
Polymers are made from monomers linked by chemical bonds. They are produced by polymerization, and occur either naturally or synthetically
Polymer
191
Compounds
A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together, e.g. carbon dioxide, a substance consisting of carbon and two oxygen atoms
192
stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
Protons
193
Adhesion
The force of attraction between unlike molecules, or the attraction between the surfaces of contacting bodies. Supplement. Adhesion may refer to the joining of two different substances due to attractive forces that hold them
194
Lipids
A fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvent but not in polar solvent, and whose major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling
195
Purine
A heterocyclic aromatic compound with a chemical structure comprised of an imidazole ring fused to a pyrimidine ring, and makes up nucleic acids and certain alkaloids
196
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and also its characteristic atomic number. The atomic numbers of the known elements form a complete series
197
Energy
power that may be translated into motion, overcoming resistance or causing a physical change. Energy assumes several forms; it may be thermal, electrical, mechanical, chemical, radiant, or kinetic. In doing work, the energy is changed from one form to one or more other forms. In these changes some of the energy is “lost” in the sense that it cannot be recaptured and used again. Usually there is loss in the form of heat; all energy changes give off a certain amount of heat.
198
a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables. independent variable. variable quantity, variable - a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
experimental variable
199
Cellulose
The definition of cellulose is the main substance that makes up the cell walls and fibers of plants.
200
The material of the universe, especially one that occupies space and has mass; The substance that make up an object
Matter
201
Solvent
A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution. 2. In a solution, the solvent is the one that is usually present in greater amount than the solute
202
Amino acid
a type of organic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2) as well as a side chain (designated as R) that is specific to the individual amino acid. Amino acids are considered to be the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
203
Central dogma
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein. Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. RNA is synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
204
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction in which water breaks down another compound and changes its makeup
205
the process of removing heat from a surface due to the evaporation of water. Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing phases, allowing it to remove heat from the surface it is on. When water turns from liquid to gas, it's called evaporation.
Evaporative Cooling
206
is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions
X-ray crystallography
