VOCAB CHAP 4

Question 1

SEDIMENTS

Answer 1

Eroded particles and are fragments of dust, dirt and/or other debris

Question 2

SUSPENSION SETTLING

Answer 2

Sediments that settle out of water and accumulate on ocean floor.

Question 3

NERITIC

Answer 3

Shallow-water deposits, close to land, dominantly lithogenous and typically deposited quickly.

Question 3

SEDIMENT CORE

Answer 3

They reveal interesting aspects of Earth’s history such as the past geographic distributions of marine organisms, ocean circulation changes, major extinctions, and Earth’s past climate.

Question 3

HYDROGENOUS SEDIMENT

Answer 3

Sediment that forms from precipitation from ocean water or ion exchange between existing sediment and ocean water. Examples are manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites.

Question 4

LITHOGENOUS SEDIMENT

Answer 4

Sediment composed of mineral grains derived from the weathering of rock material and transported to the ocean by various mechanisms of transport, including running water, gravity, the movement of ice, and wind.

Question 4

BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT

Answer 4

Sediment containing material produced by plants or animals, such as coral reefs, shell fragments, and housings of diatoms, radiolarians, foraminifers, and coccolithophores; components can be either macroscopic or microscopic.

Question 5

PELAGIC

Answer 5

deep-ocean basin deposits, deeper-water deposits, finer-grained sediments, deposited slowly

Question 5

COSMOGENOUS SEDIMENT

Answer 5

Sediment derived from outer space

Question 6

STROMATOLITES

Answer 6

Fine layers of carbonate, warm, shallow-ocean, and high salinity, has cyanobacteria and lived billions of years ago.

Question 6

OOZE

Answer 6

A pelagic sediment containing at least 30% skeletal remains of pelagic organisms, the balance being clay minerals. Oozes are further defined by the chemical composition of the organic remains (siliceous or calcareous) and by their characteristic organisms (e.g., diatomaceous ooze, foraminifer ooze).

Question 7

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH

Answer 7

A deposit composed primarily of the tests of diatoms mixed with clay. Also called diatomite.

Question 7

ABYSSAL CLAY

Answer 7

At least 70% clay sized particles from continents, red clays from oxidized iron (Fe) and abundant if other sediments absent.

Question 8

TESTS

Answer 8

Shells of microscopic organisms.

Question 8

LYSOCLINE

Answer 8

Depth at which a significant amount of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) begins to dissolve rapidly.

Question 9

CALCITE COMPENSATION DEPTH (CCD)

Answer 9

Depth where CACO3 readily dissolves, rate of supply = rate at which the shells dissolve, warm, shallow ocean saturated with calcium carbonate.

Question 10

EVAPORITES

Answer 10

Minerals that form when seawater evaporates, restricted open ocean circulation, high evaporation rates, halite (common table salt) and gypsum.

Question 11

TEKITITES

Answer 11

Microscopic iron-nickel and silicate spherules (small globular masses)

Question 11

GAS HYDRATES

Answer 11

Also called clathrates, high pressures squeeze chilled water and gas into icelike solid, methane hydrates most common.

Question 12

MANGANESE NODULES

Answer 12

Lumps of metal, contain manganese, iron, copper, nickel, and cobalt, as well as it’s economically useful.