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MCAT Psych/Soc > Vocab and Concepts > Flashcards

Vocab and Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Poverty wherein ppl don’t have enough $$ to buy basic necessities

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2
Q

Achieved Status

A

A status gained as result of direct individual action

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3
Q

Adaptive Value

A

The extent to which a trait benefits a species by influening the evolutionary fitness of species

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4
Q

Alcohol Myopia

A

The inability to think about consequences and possible outcomes of one’s actions due to alcohol intox

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5
Q

Aligning actions

A

impression management strategy in which one makes questionable behavior acceptable thru excuses

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6
Q

Alter-casting

A

An impression management strategy in which one imposes an identity onto another person

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7
Q

Anomie

A

state of normlessness – erode social solidarity by excessive individualism/social inequality/isolation

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8
Q

Appraisal model

A

biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced; accepts there is cogn. antecedent to emotional expression

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9
Q

Arousal theory

A

motivation-related, certain level of arousal rq’d in order to perform actions optimally – Yerkes Dodson law

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10
Q

Ascribed status

A

status one is given at birth (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex)

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

psych: process by which new info is interpreted in terms of existing schemata
soc: behavior/culture of group or individual begins to merge with that of other group

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12
Q

Attribute substitution

A

phenomenon observed when individuals have to make judgments that are complex, but instead sub a simper sol’n or perception

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13
Q

Attribution theory

A

focuses on tendency for indiv’s to infer causes of other ppl’s behavior

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14
Q

Authentic self

A

who someone actually is, including both positive and negative attributes

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15
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

shortcut in decision-making based on most readily available (not total info)

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16
Q

Back stage

A

dramaturgical approach – setting where player free from role req’s; ehaviors may not be appropriate or acceptable, kept invisible from audience

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17
Q

Biomedical approach

A

approach to psych disorders that only consider pathophysiological causes and offers pharmaceutical treatment

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18
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

approach to psych disorders that considers conditions and treatments to be dependent on bio, pscyh, and social causes

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19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

loss of motor fxn of speech, resulting in intact understanding w/ inability to correctly produce speech

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20
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

theory of emotion: stimulus received, then simultaneously processed psych and cognitively, allowing for conscious emotion to be experienced

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21
Q

Cataplexy

A

loss of muscle control w/ intrusion of REM sleep, during waking hours, usually caused by emotional trigger

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22
Q

Characteristic institution

A

social structure or institution about which societies are organized

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23
Q

Circular reaction

A

repetitive action that achieves a desired response; seen during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

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24
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

speech disorder: inability to repeat words with intact spontaneous speech production and comprehension (damage to arcuate fasciculus)

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25
Q

Confirmation bias

A

cogn. bias where one focuses on info that supports a given sol’n, belief, hypothesis, ignores evidence against

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26
Q

Conflict theory

A

theoretical framework that emphasizes role of power differentials in producing social order

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27
Q

Conservation

A

during quantitative analysis of child – develops ability to tell diff between number and amount (pizza slice ex.)

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28
Q

Context effect

A

retrieval cue by which mem is aided when person is in location where encoding took place

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29
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

people pay closer attn to intentional behav than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially when behav is unexpected

30
Q

Critical period

A

development period where exposure to language is essential for eventual development of the effective use of lang; 2yo to puberty

31
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

cog capacity to understand relationships or solve problems using info acquired during schooling and other experiences

32
Q

Cultural relativism

A

social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms to be understood

33
Q

Cultural syndrome

A

shared set of beliefs/attitudes/values/etc organized around central theme and found among ppl who speak same lang and share geographic region

34
Q

Deindividuation

A

people will lose sense of self awareness and can act dramatically differently based on influence of a group

35
Q

Demographic transition

A

transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates (pre-industrial to industrial shift)

36
Q

Disconfirmation principle

A

idea that states that if evidence obtained during testing does not confirm a hypothesis, then the hyp is discarded or revised

37
Q

Displacement

A

defense mech by which undeired urges are transferred from one target to a more acceptable one

38
Q

Display rules

A

cultural expectations for displaying emotion

39
Q

Dramturgical approach

A

impression management: world = stage and ppl are actors

40
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

explains motivation as being based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states

41
Q

Drives

A

deficiencies that activate partic behav focused on a goal

42
Q

Dyssomnia

A

sleep disorder in which one has trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or avoiding sleep

43
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of info processing based on degree of deep thought given to persuasive info

44
Q

Errors of growth

A

misuse of grammar characterized by universal app of a rule, regardless of exceptions (e.g. catched)

45
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

practice of making judgments about other cultures based on values and beliefs of ones own culture

46
Q

Eustress

A

positive stress

47
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

ability to quickly ID relationships/connections, then use relationships/connections to make correct decisions

48
Q

Front stage

A

dramaturgical approach – setting where players in front of audience, perform roles in keeping w/ image they hope to project of themselves

49
Q

Functional fixedness

A

inability to ID uses of object beyond its usual purpose

50
Q

Functionalism

A

theoretical framework that explains how parts of society fit together to create a cohesive whole

51
Q

Game theory

A

model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game, including strategies, incentives, and punishments

52
Q

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft

A

theory that distinguishes between two major groups: communities (beliefs, ancestry, geo) vs. societies (work together towards common goal)

53
Q

Group conformity

A

compliance w/ group goals, even w/ group goals in contrast to indiv goals

54
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency to decisions more extreme than indiv inclinations of group members

55
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas/sol’ns that arise w/in group w/out considering outside ideas/ethics, based on pressure to conform, remain loyal (e.g. Bay of Pigs Invasion)

56
Q

Halo effect

A

cog bias in which judgments of an indiv’s character can be affected by the overall impression of indiv

57
Q

Heuristic

A

rule of thumb or shortcut used to make decisions

58
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

theory stating that ppl tend to assoc traits/behavs in others and that ppl have tendency to attribute their own beliefs/opinions/ideas onto others

59
Q

Impression Management

A

behavs intended to influence perceptions of others about person/object/event

60
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Measure of reproductive success, depends on # offspring indiv has, how well supported, and how well offspring support others

61
Q

Ingratiation

A

impression mgmt strategy that uses flattery to increase social acceptance

62
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

tendency of animals to resist learning when a conditioned behav conflicts w/ animal’s instinctive behav’s

63
Q

Interaction Process Analysis

A

technique of observing + immediately classifying activities of small groups

64
Q

James-Lange theory

A

stimulus results in physio arousal, then leads to secondary response in which emotion consciously experienced

65
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

cog bias – “good things happen to good ppl, bad things happen to bad ppl”

66
Q

Language acquisition device

A

innate capacity for lang acquisition that is triggered by exposure to lang, part of nativist (bio) perspective of lang acquisition

67
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory

A

theory that attitudes developed through forms of learning (direct contact, interaction, instruction and conditioning)

68
Q

Linguistic relativity hyp

A

hyp suggesting that one’s perception of reality is largely determined by content, form, and structure of lang, aka Whorfian hypothesis

69
Q

Managing appearances

A

impression mgmt strategy in which one uses props, appearance, emo expression, or assoc w/ others to create positive appearance

70
Q

Master status

A

status w/ which person most ID’d

71
Q

Material culture

A

physical items one assoc’s w/ given cultural group

MCAT Psych/Soc (1 decks)

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