Vocab Flashcards

Question

Translation

Answer 1

from **RNA** to **PROTEIN amino acid sequence** * happens in **RIBOSOMES**

Answer 2

An **enzyme** that links r*ibonucleotides* into a growing **RNA chain** during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand.

Answer 3

A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.)

Answer 4

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Answer 5

hydrophilic = water loving hydrophobic = hates water

Answer 6

CELL MEMBRANE - impermeable to most things -\> selectively permeable (*small lipophilicity* - can get through by **DIFFUSION**) = A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them.

Answer 7

chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems

Answer 8

binds to the RECEPTOR GDP \<-\> GTP within the membrane internal messenger -

Answer 9

cAMP (Cyclic AMP) Cyclic adenosine mono- phosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Answer 10

A series of protein phosphorylations occurring sequentially in which each protein kinase phosphorylates the next, activating it; often found in signaling pathways. ex: APOPTOTIC caspase CASCADE = a special cell structure is made that KILLS the cell - death **ligand**

Answer 11

3' (a tertiary structure is very important) ALWAYS ACTIVE 5' structure - INACTIVE Extracellular portion interacts with primary messengers

Answer 12

the conversion of one kind of signal or stimulus into another kind

Answer 13

the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. LIVING * model organism * genome completely sequenced * we are looking form organisms that have similar processes

Answer 14

studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context in vitro = in glass **_Cell culture_** * grow large populations of cells * bacteria/fungi are easy to establish / grow * nutrient broth * agar plates

Answer 15

cells are cells taken directly from living tissue (e.g. biopsy material) and established for growth in vitro. * you get tissue from an organism * primary **neuroblasts** (brain cells that have not differentiated yet) - have not yet become neurons

Answer 16

of cell **divisions** \> #of *cells dying* * cells will continue to divide * if it's on a **surface**, they will **cover it** * when the surface is totally **filled** -\> CONFLUENCE has been reached

Answer 17

(in vitro cell culture) * if cells are on a surface, they will cover it * when the whole **surface** has been **completely filled with cells** = CONFLUENCE

Answer 18

Immortalized cell line =/= senescence = one in which the **cell cycle** control has been **altered** (transformation) to allow ***_continuous division_*** * transformation is *sometimes* **SPONTANEOUS** - because of a **MUTATION** happening

Answer 19

(Cell culture senescence) * = the loss of a cell's power of division and growth

Answer 20

* a mutation happening (sometimes spontaneous) and can cause an immortalized cell line (1) The conversion of a normal cell into a cell that is able to divide indefinitely in culture, thus behaving like a cancer cell. (Malignant transformation may also describe the series of changes in a normal cell in an organism that change it into a malignant (can- cerous) cell.)

Answer 21

wiki = solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants

Answer 22

(culture medium) cells suspended in **LIQUID**

Answer 23

cells must be **attached** to **something** = anchorage-dependant

Answer 24

naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth,[1] proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation. Usually, it is a protein or a steroid hormone. hormones gases pH Nutrients (amino acids, carbs, vitamins, minerals)

Answer 25

(HeLa Cells) Henrietta Lacks Cells = **cells that are NATURALLY immortal - the most aggressive cell line in history** * she had an aggressive form of cervical cancer * doctors took her cells without her consent * she died in 1951 * but those **cells never died** * turned into an industry company selling her cells * the POLIO VACCINE was created with HeLa cells * you can find HeLa cells in 20% of the cell lines

Answer 26

**homo** = **same** **gene = inheritance** **same ancestors** genes that species share because of shared ancestors

Answer 27

create a **mutation** in which the gene is no longer functional and observe what happens to the organisms (fatal in most cases) \*knock in =/= knock out = introducing a new gene or an extra copy of an existing gene

Answer 28

* screening system * biologically relevant * subtle effects the use of automation equipment with classical cell biology techniques to address biological questions that are otherwise unattainable using conventional methods.

Answer 29

bacteria's defense **CUTS DOWN** INVADING DNA

Answer 30

separating DNA

Answer 31

Carbohydrates

Answer 32

separation of * DNA fragments * RNA * proteins based on SIZE * the smaller, theye move forward

Answer 33

paper - move on the surface gel - move through the surface "pores" - spaces within the polymer * the substance will be attracted either to the stationary * phase or mobile phase * The sample should interact with the stationary phase * based on the balance -\> different substances will vary on retention time. * gradient

Answer 34

* column chromatography * you can get different chemical characteristics

Answer 35

* flush the mobile phase through the column * solvent

Answer 36

(cDNA) ## Footnote (cDNA) A double- stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. A cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene.

Answer 37

campbell = An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. wiki = an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.

Answer 38

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli.

Answer 39

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3′end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

Answer 40

The general term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. during meiosis

Answer 41

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, plasmids are used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10 kb) of DNA. Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts.

Answer 42

a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment.

Answer 43

The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.

Answer 44

the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.

Answer 45

spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer.

Answer 46

* transfected DNA is **NOT** passed down a transiently-transfected cell will express transfected DNA for a short amount of time and not pass it on to daughter cells.

Answer 47

* transfected DNA is passed down a stably-transfected cell will continuously express transfected DNA and pass it on to daughter cells

Answer 48

A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA wherein reading 5' (five-prime) to 3' (three prime) forward on one strand matches the sequence reading 5' to 3' on the complementary strand with which it forms a double helix. This definition of palindrome thus depends on complementary strands being palindromic of each other.

Answer 49

Regions of non-transcribed DNA between transcribed repeated genes such as ribosomal RNA genes in eukaryotes. Its function is probably to do with ensuring the high rates of transcription associated with these genes.

Answer 50

* An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydro- lyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides. an enzyme that can **cut** through the phosphodiester bonds btw nucleotides and nucleic acids wiki = an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of nucleic acids.

Answer 51

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. untwists -\> like a **heli**copter

Answer 52

A **virus** that infects **bacteria**; also called a phage.

Answer 53

a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections

Answer 54

* the shortest distance between 2 objects that can be distinguished as separate entities * the smaller the value, the better

Answer 55

the smaller the wavelength, the better the resolution ## Footnote The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 56

number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.

Answer 57

the density of what is in the space better to be as large as possible

Answer 58

an optical lens which renders a divergent beam from a point source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object.

Answer 59

the optical element that gathers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image.

Answer 60

a plane through a focal point and normal to the axis of a lens, mirror, or other optical system.

Answer 61

fluorescence microscopy