Vocab

Question 1

globalization

Answer 1

the process by which countries or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Question 2

Hispaniola

Answer 2

Present day Dominican Republic

Question 3

probanza de mérito

Answer 3

Columbus’s Proof of Merritt or proof of discovery

Question 4

Protestant Reformation

Answer 4

Protestant Reformation

Question 5

indulgences

Answer 5

documents that absolved sinners of their errant behavior.

Question 6

Calvinism

Answer 6

Reformation movement that emphasized human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressed the idea of predestination

Question 7

Puritans

Answer 7

a group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship

Question 8

joint stock company

Answer 8

a business entity in which investors provide the capital and assume the risk in order to reap significant returns

Question 9

Pilgrims

Answer 9

Separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English settlement in New England

Question 10

privateers

Answer 10

Sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will

Question 11

Roanoke

Answer 11

the first English colony in Virginia, which mysteriously disappeared sometime between 1587 and 1590

Question 12

Separatists

Answer 12

A faction of Puritans who advocated complete separation from the Church of England

Question 13

Black Legend

Answer 13

Spain’s reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors

Question 14

Columbian Exchange

Answer 14

the movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exploration of the Americas

Question 15

commodification

Answer 15

The transformation of something—for example, an item of ritual significance—into a commodity with monetary value

Question 16

encomienda

Answer 16

Legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown

Question 17

mercantilism

Answer 17

the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade

Question 18

mourning wars

Answer 18

raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases

Question 19

smallpox

Answer 19

a disease that Europeans accidentally brought to the New World, killing millions of Indians, who had no immunity to the disease

Question 20

sugarcane

Answer 20

one of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate