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Heredity And Generics Vocabulary > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic caused by genetics or the environment

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

long strands of DNA that contain thousands of genes

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3
Q

Genes

A

part of chromosomes that controls a trait (30,000 in humans)

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4
Q

Allele

A

different forms of genes

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5
Q

Recessive Allele

A

only see this traits if 2 are present

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6
Q

Dominant Allele

A

always shows this trait

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7
Q

Hybrid

A

has 2 different alleles for the same trait

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8
Q

Purebred

A

has 2 identical alleles fro the same trait

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9
Q

Probability

A

the likelihood that an event will occur

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10
Q

Punnett Square

A

a chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles between 2 organisms

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

the visibly expressed trait (ie. blue eyes)

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12
Q

Genotype (1)

A

the allele combination for a trait (ie. Bb or bb)

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles (purebred)

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles (hybrid)

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15
Q

Codominant Alleles

A

neither allele is dominant (ie. blood type or spotted dog)

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16
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

the dominant alleles mix (ie. Green flower from blue and yellow alleles)

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17
Q

Meiosis

A

process that creates sex cells with 1 copy of each gene or half of the number of the chromosomes

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18
Q

Cross-Fertilization

A

a gamete (sex cell) from each parent gives 1 allele for each trait to make a new organism (humans)

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19
Q

Number of Human Chromosomes

A

23 pairs; 46 chromosomes in total

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20
Q

X and Y

A

human chromosomes that determine gender

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21
Q

Mutation (pathogenic variant)

A

when a chromosome is not copied correctly

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22
Q

Carrier

A

someone how has 1 recessive allele for a trait but doesn’t show it

23
Q

Pedigree

A

a chart that tracts a particular trait in a family

24
Q

Karyotype

A

a picture of all the chromosomes of a cell

25
Q

Genome

A

all the DNA in one cell of an organism

26
Q

Genotype (2)

A

an analysis of a genome to determine inherited genes

27
Q

Gene Therapy

A

the insertion of a corrected gene into a person to try and correct a problem

28
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

transferring a gene from 1 organisms to another to produce a new trait (ie. glowing frog)

29
Q

Selective Breeding

A

only mating organisms with desirable traits

30
Q

Clone

A

an organism that is genetically identical to the parent organism

31
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

the molecule that is the base of all chromosomes

32
Q

Four Bases of DNA

A

Adenine + Thymine, Guanine + Cytosine

33
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

34
Q

Sex-linked Gene

A

a gene that is on the Y or X chromosome (hemophilia or colour blindness)

35
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

a monk in the 1850’s that studied how plants inherited traits

36
Q

Crick and Watson

A

2 scientists who first described the DNA double helix (made a cardboard model of the double helix)

37
Q

Genetic Disorders

A

illnesses or disorders caused by an abnormal gene (ie, Downs and Turner Syndrome - wrong # of chromosomes, Recessive Traits - sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)

38
Q

Inherited Trait

A

a trait totally controlled by your genes (ie. eye colour)

39
Q

Environmental Trait

A

a trait that’s expressed as a combination of your genes and the environment (ie. skin colour)

40
Q

Epigenetics

A

how genes are turned off or on by their environment

41
Q

GM Foods

A

organisms that have been genetically modified for farmers (GM rice to produce more grain)

42
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a protein found in the red blood cells and captures oxygen molecules when blood flows near the lungs then releases when blood flows near starved tissues

43
Q

Pepsin

A

a protein structure that breaks down foods in the body

44
Q

Keratin

A

a protein structure which strengthens fingernails and claws in organisms

45
Q

Transcription

A

The RNA polymerase connects complementary RNA bases to the DNA bases; bases are bonded to make a single strand of mRNa, then it gets sent out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome

46
Q

Translation

A

mRNA and tRNA line up according to thier complementary bases (codons to anticodons) and the tRNA transfers the amino acids. Amino acids are behind and are joined with peptide bonds and later on a protein is made.

47
Q

Mendel’s Laws

A

Segregation and Independent Assortment

48
Q

Segregation

A

the separation of the 2 alleles

49
Q

Independent Assortment

A

when traits don’t affect each other

50
Q

Polygenetic Traits

A

traits with more than 2 genotypes (EX: skin tone, height, etc)

51
Q

Epistasis

A

when 1 gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

52
Q

Deletion

A

when nucleotide base(s) is missing

53
Q

Insertion

A

when nucleotide base(s) is added

54
Q

De novo change

A

when new gene variations arise in an egg or sperm bell; new variation can be passed on

Heredity And Generics Vocabulary (1 decks)

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