Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Overjustification theory
A
If external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had been previously been intrinsically motivates, there will be a subsequent decrease in interest in rewarded activity
2
Q
Gain-Loss Theory
A
People we like most are those who initially don’t like us and then change their perspective to come to like us
3
Q
Hypothalamus
A
The suprachiasmic nucleus located in the hypothalamus controls the body’s circadian rhythms which include: Sleep-wake cycle
Also Homeostatic functions (sleep wake cycle, temperature, hunger, aggression)
4
Q
Amygdala
A
Attaches emotional significance to sensory input
5
Q
Edgar Schein
A
Career Anchors- people’s self-concept acts as an anchor, determining what future occupational decisions will be made
8 categories
6
Q
John holland
A
Personality-Job Fit
7
Q
Med least likely to cause problems with concentration, attention, memory
A
Prozac (fluoxetine)
8
Q
Family therapy (e.g., behavioral marital therapy) based in part on social learning theory most likely focuses on:
A
Communication problems and deficient reward exchanges
Adaptive bx is rewarded, maladaptive behavior is not reinforced, and benefits of being a member outweigh the costs
9
Q
Circular questioning and hypothesis formation are techniques in Systemic Family Therapy by ______ Group
A
Milan
10
Q
Solution-Focused Family Therapy (post-modern) by Steve de Shazer
A
Strength-based
Miracle question, exception question, and scaling question
11
Q
Narrative Therapy by Michael White
A
Re-Storying and unique outcomes
12
Q
Trycyclic antidepressants can trigger…
A
Manic episode
13
Q
Attribution Theory
A
Learned helplessness results from attributions that are:
global, stable, and internal
14
Q
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory describes 3 work-related needs
A
Needs for:
Achievement
Affiliation
Power
—acquires over time
—Achievement correlates most with work success
15
Q
Frame-of-reference training is used to:
A
Improve the accuracy of performance ratings
16
Q
Optimize reliability for test development
A
- More test items
- Homogeneity of items
- Heterogeneous sample
- Difficulty of guessing
17
Q
Levinson- mid-life characterized by
A
A shift in perspective from “time since birth” to “time until death”
18
Q
Jacksonian seizure is a:
A
Simple partial seizure (does not impair level of consciousness)
19
Q
Confabulation
A
Recitation of fabricates or imagine info…occurs when person attempts to fill in memory gaps
(Korsakoff’s syndrome)
20
Q
Biofeedback involves:
A
Operant conditioning and the sympathetic nervous system
21
Q
Realistic job previews:
A
- Increase longevity of employment
- (Reduce turnover by 20%)
22
Q
Piaget’s 4 stages
A
- Sensorimotor (0-2) (object permanence develops)
- Preoperational (2-7) (symbolic thinking)
- Concrete Operational (7-11) ( Organized thought, Conservation)
- Formal Operational (11+) (Abstract)
23
Q
Approach indicated for African Americans
A
Multi-systems
Ensures appreciation for political and sociocultural variables
24
Q
Donald Kirkpatrick developed:
A
4 level model to assess effectiveness of training
- Measure participant reactions
- Measures learning (knowledge)
- Measures behavior/transfer (being used daily)
- Measures effects on business
25
Broca’s area (speech production) is on the:
left frontal lobe
26
What substance mimics the effects of morphine in the brain?
Opioid peptides
27
Catelle-Horn-Catelle theory of intelligence
- Most empirically validates theory of human intelligence
- 3 strata model
- general intelligence “g”
28
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Bipolar I = one manic episode
Bipolar II = at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (never a manic episode)
29
Correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared together
.50
| Reared apart= .25
30
Quality Assurance focuses on:
1. Availability
2. Adequacy
3. Appropriateness of services
31
A custody evaluation can be conducted with recommendations even if:
One parent refuses or is unavailable
32
Medication induced acute akathisia
Common extrapyramidal side effect of traditional antipsychotic medications that involves restlessness accompanied by excessive movements
33
Best treatment for conduct disorder
Individual and family therapy
34
When working with ethnic minorities, it is important to consider:
Credibility and giving
35
As opposed to homogeneous groups, heterogeneous groups:
Experience more stress
36
Acquired Needs Theory by _______
McLelland
| nAch, nAff, nPow
37
Vroom’s _______ Theory:
VIE
Ppl behave in ways that are based on their expectancy of success and rewards
38
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory:
How a leader rates a least preferred coworker (LPC)
- A low LPC leader is someone who assigns low ratings to a least preferred coworker
- Performs best in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations and are task oriented
- A high LPC leader is someone who assigns a least preferred coworker highly.
- high LPC leaders work best under moderately favorable situations and are relationship oriented
39
Gerstmann’s Syndrome:
Results from damage to dominant parietal lobe with 4 primary symptoms:
1. Agraphia
2. Dyscalculia
3. Inability to distinguish left from right
4. Ginger agnosia
40
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory is an expansion of _____’s work and is:
Divides maslow’s five needs into upper level needs (motivators) and lower level needs (hygiene factors)
41
Rational-economic model, known as classical decision theory:
Involves exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, choosing the best one
42
Bipolar I with Psychotic Features:
Involves psychotic symptoms that occur only in the presence of a manic or major depressive episode
43
Validity scales L, F, K
High L = naive attempt to look good
High K = guarded
Low F = lack of distress
Combo is faking good
44
George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory:
People experience the world based on their anticipation of future events
45
Cuento therapy
Uses Spanish language folktales
Address anxiety, low self esteem, acculturative stress, acting out
46
Maslow’s need hierarchy:
1. Physiological,
2. safety,
3. belonging and love (social)
4. Esteem
4. self-actualization
47
Gestalt boundary disturbances (4):
1. Introjection (unexamined values and beliefs)
2. Projection (suspiciousness)
3. Confluence (lack of awareness of conflicts)
4. Retroflection (turning on oneself the behaviors and emotions one wants to inflict on others)
48
Moro reflex and Babinski reflex
Moro: digital extension and arching of the back when startled
Babinski (plantar reflex): toes spreading when sole is touched
49
Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations:
Hypnogogic= going to sleep
Hypnopompic = waking
50
Beck’s cognitive behavioral therapy
Collaborative empiricism
- hypothesis testing
- thoughts are automatic and often outside of consciousness
- depression results from maladaptive cognitive triad
51
Job enrichment
Enrichment = increasing responsibilities (those in favor are high in growth-need)
52
MAOi takers should avoid:
Foods with Tyramine:
Alcohol, favs or broad beans, aged cheese (cottage/cream cheese is ok), liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, yeast supplements, meat extracts, summer sausage
-could induce hypertensive crisis
53
Raven and French’s 5 types of power
```
Legitimate
Reward
Expert
Referent
Coersive
```
54
Criterion for substantially below is an achievement test score that is:
at least 1.5 standard deviations below mean for age (7th percentile)
55
Night terrors remit in
Adolescence
56
Children with aggression or unremitting symptoms of ADHD are at increased risk for developing:
Antisocial personality disorder
57
Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use:
Level of alcohol use by parents and peers
58
Zeignarik effect
Tendency to remember more vividly unfinished tasks than completed tasks
59
Schizophrenia has the best prognosis if:
The illness has an abrupt onset
60
Classical test theory
An individual’s test score is equal to the true score and error score variability
X = T + E
61
Treatment of migraine headaches
Thermal feedback paired with relaxation training is more effective than self-monitoring
62
_______ in group therapy is analogous to therapeutic rapport in individual therapy
Cohesiveness
63
Best treatment for elderly patients with paranoia
Neuroleptics
64
Cognitive impairment from cancer treatment:
Result from chemo and radiation involving the central nervous system
65
Adler originated the notion of:
Inferiority complex
-children experience a sense of inadequacy based on real and perceived limitations
66
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a brain disorder that results from:
Deficiency in thiamine, commonly caused by chronic alcohol use
Most cases proceed into Korsakoff’s syndrome
67
Handed ness expresses itself at age:
2 and then becomes firmly established at age 7-8
68
RNA and DNA affect genetics and:
Memory
69
Decalage refers to:
Unevenness in development
70
Percent tip is ______ with group size
Negatively correlated
71
Howard found psychotherapy outcomes improve by ____% after 8 sessions and _____% after 6 months
50%, 75%
72
Devi’s effect is extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation:
Intrinsic motivation may not be decreased when the extrinsic rewards based on competency
73
Utility analysis:
Measures the effectiveness of an intervention in the workplace in terms of the dollar value of the benefits generated
74
Cerebrovascular damage is associated with
A stroke; can lead to post-stroke depression (30-40%)
75
Kochanska found that development of conscience in young children is related to:
Parenting style and the child’s temperament
76
Gate control theory by Melzack and Wall
There are chemical gates in the neural pathway in spinal cord that carry pain messages to brain. Negative states are thought to open the gates and increase the experiences of pain and vice versa
77
Most likely outcome of fetal malnutrition
Reduction in number of neurons
78
Alderfer’s ERG Theory proposes three basic needs:
1. Existence
2. Relatedness
3. Growth
Satisfying a need makes is stronger*
79
Schizotypal vs Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal = discomfort with interpersonal relationships
Schizoid = indifferent to interpersonal relationships
80
Cataplexy refers to:
Brief episodes of sudden, bilateral loss of muscle tone, most often in association with intense emotion
-it’s included in diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy
81
Abramson and Alloy’s depression research:
Depressed ppl tend to have a more realistic assessment of their ability to control an outcome than do persons with normal mood
82
Rapprochement
At about 16-24 months, the infant vacillates between going to the mother and moving away from her
83
Dopamine hypothesis
Schizophrenia results from an excess of dopamine, cocaine increase availability of big seratonin and dopamine, thus the presence of hallucinations in cocaine intoxications provides support for he link b/w excess dopamine and psychosis
84
The sequential introduction of treatment...
Multiple baseline
85
Neurotransmitter consistently implicated in OCD
Seratonin
86
Plaques and tangles show up on
PET scans
87
Sequence of gender role development
Gender roles
Gender identity (age 3 at latest)
Gender constancy (age 5 or 6)
88
Brofenbrenner’s 5 levels of ecological approach
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
89
Regarding the arousal motive:
Peak performance is usually attained at moderate levels of arousal.
Relationship between performance and arousal is curvilinear
90
Sleeper effect
When one forgets the source of information but remembers the message
91
Withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepines:
Hallucinations and seizures
| Also rebound anxiety occurs
92
Withdrawal symptoms of antipsychotics
Insomnia, nightmares, and gastrointestinal distress
93
Withdrawal symptoms of opioids
Nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, dysphoric mood
94
Withdrawal symptoms of stimulants:
Dysphoria and fatigue
95
Hostility attribution bias:
A person expects others to be hostile and acts aggressively as a result, thus eliciting hostility from others and reinforcing the bias
(Preemptive strike)
96
If an individual with Bipolar I had liver disease (therefore cannot take lithium), _______ should be prescribed
Anticonvulsants (eg depakote, depakene)
97
The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis is:
Free association
98
The person most likely to benefit from group therapy is someone who is experiencing:
moderate emotional distress
99
ABAB single-subject design involves applying treatment in __________ sequence with baseline
alternating
100
In a positively skewed distribution, lowest to highest is:
Mode, median, mean
101
There is a direct relationship btw standard error of the mean and population standard deviation but an indirect relationship btw standard error of the mean and ___________
Sample size
102
Parametric tests require:
Normally distributed data
103
Coefficient alpha (kuder-Richardson) calculates:
All possible split halves
104
Selection ratio is defined as:
The proportion of available openings to available applicants
-when low (ie .10), And base rate is moderate, the test will have the greatest incremental validity
105
Berry’s 4 acculturation strategies:
Assimilation
Separation
Integration
Marginalization
106
Adolescents 4 categories of progress toward forming a mature identity:
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Diffusion
107
Deep processing, which is a method to enhance memory for information, involves:
Elaboration of information
-focus on meaning, interpretation, make meaningful associations
108
Donald super’s Career Rainbow Model emphasizes:
All of one’s life roles, not just occupational roles
109
Taylor-Russell tables incorporate info about:
Base rates
Selection ratio
Criterion-related validity
(The book determines incremental validity)
110
Eta is the coefficient of choice for:
A curvilinear relationship
111
Diathesis-stress model proposes that mental illness is the result of:
Predisposing bodily causes and strain from external pressure
| Schizophrenia
112
Cross’s Black Racial Identify Development model:
Preencounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization
113
Vroom and Yetton’s Normative model states that there are ____ styles of leader behavior on a continuum ranging from:
Autocratic to complete participation.
The most effective style of leadership in any given situation depends upon the importance of the decision, the time needed to reach it, and the extent to which the decision is accepted by the employees.
114
House’s Path-Goal theory deals with:
| And how many style of leadership?
The ways leaders can help employees reach their goals
Using one of four styles
1. Directive
2. Supportive
3. Participative
4. Achievement-oriented
-the most effective style is dependent on the subordinates and the situation
115
Graen’s leader member exchange theory focuses on impact of:
The leader-subordinate relationship on the leadership process.
-employees are either in-group or out-group
Leaders use “leadership” approach (influence through persuasion) with in-group and “supervisory” approach (formal authority) with out-group
116
Quality control circles goal:
To improve finish product and level of production
117
Regarding immigrants and hospitalization...
There are higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization for immigrants, especially young men
Psych problems tend to peak between one yr and 3 yrs after arrival
118
Interactionist view holds that:
Children have an inborn mechanism for acquiring language, which is influenced by biological and cognitive maturation and influences with environ.
(Nature and nurture)
119
Adaptation (Piaget) occurs through:
Assimilation and adaptation
-equilibration describes the need for and striving toward equilibrium
E.g., if a child can not understand a new situation using current schemata, it will move toward accommodation, develop new patterns, and thereby restore equilibrium
120
The Sensorimotor (birth - 2 or time of significant language acquisition) critical accomplishment is:
Development of object permanence (occurs after 3-4 months)
- the ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them
- infants become able to maintain a mental image when object is not present
- explains separation protest and stranger anxiety
-also becomes more capable of symbolic representation...
121
The Preoperational stage (2-7) is characterized by:
- Intuitive thinking
- egocentrism
- phenomenalistic causality
- animism
- irreversibility
- centration
122
The concrete operational stage (7-11) is characterized by:
- operational thought
| - Conservation
123
The Formal Operational stage (11+) is characterized by:
- ability to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects
- acquire abstract reasoning skills to comprehend algebra
- Metacognition
124
Constructivism (Piaget):
A person develops new knowledge based on the foundation of previous learning, and by interacting with objects and events in the environment
- when applied to schooling, constructivists place emphasis on the student (not teacher)
* Also peers are highly influential in cog dev.*
125
Cri-du-chat is
Not inherited and caused by a chromosomal deletion
126
Sexual orientation identity development (6):
1. Confusion
2. Identity Comparison
3. Identity Tolerance
4. Identity Acceptance
5. Identity Pride
6. Identity Synthesis
127
Sleep cycle divided into:
4 Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM) stages followed by REM sleep (aka stage 5)
Stage 1 = Theta waves (transition between wakefulness and sleep)
Stage 2 = brain produces rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temp starts to decrease and heart rate slows
Stages 3 + 4 = Delta waves. Stage 3 is transitional period btw light and very deep sleep. Stage 4 is deep sleep but muscles maintain tone.
Stage 5 = REM sleep, rapid eye movement, increased respiration rate, increased brain activity. While brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become relaxed. Dreaming occurs
128
REM sleep does what over time?
Decreases.
Newborns spend 50% if sleep in REM
Five year olds it’s about 20-25%
Adults about 18%
129
Seizures are:
GENERALIZED SEIZURES
-Tonic/Clonic (grand mal): sudden loss of consciousness and tonic activity (stiffening) followed by clinic activity (rhythmic jerking from muscle contractions), after there’s headache, confusion, fatigue, and amnesia for seizure
-Absence (petite mal): occurs most frequently in children usually beginning before age 5, last form 1-30 secs, begin with brief change in level of consciousness, followed by blinking or rolling of eyes, blank stare, slight mouth movements, may appear to be daydreaming, posture is retained, pre-seizure activity is returned to w/o difficulty
PARTIAL SEIZURES
-Complex Partial: impairment of consciousness, automatisms (involuntary purposeless behaviors), frequently preceded by an aura, deja vu, nausea, heat or tingling, or distortion of senses, most commonly a manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy
- Simple partial: remains conscious, electrical abnormalities in a focal area of brain only (any lobe), Sx may be motor, autonomic, sensory, or psychological
- Jacksonian seizures are a type of simple partial frontal lobe seizure, characterized by initially localized motor seizure, with a spread of abnormal activity to adjacent brain areas. E.g. may start in finger and go up hand-arm
130
ECT and memory loss:
Anterograde amnesia(difficulty creating new memories) typically resolves after a few weeks
Retrograde amnesia tends to take longer to resolve
- the risk of severe and long-lasting memory loss is uncommon
- bilateral ECT causes greater memory impairment than unilateral ECT
- disagreement about whether unilateral ECT is as effective
131
EEG uses:
Electrodes to measure electrical activity in cortex
Aids in diagnosis of brain conditions especially seizures
132
PET scans and SPECT scans:
Nuclear imaging techniques used to demonstrate activity or functioning of the brain and other organs
- small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein, inhaled, or swallowed
- measure metabolism and blood flow, which helps detect abnormalities
- cancers show up as brighter spots on PET/SPECT scans because cancer cells have a higher metabolism rate than normal cells
133
MRI, fMRI, and MR spectroscopy:
MRI (most frequently used imaging test of brain): magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the structure of the brain, other organs, and tissues; can pick up scars and lesions indicating damage
fMRI: examines brain activity and functioning, specifically detects how blood flows within brain during specific task
MR spectroscopy: used to detect metabolic changes in the brain consistent with certain diseases
134
CT scan:
Test of structure, series of x-Ray views taken from many angles to create cross-sectional images of the brain, bones, or soft tissues
- especially useful for quickly examining ppl who may have bleeding, blood clots, or internal injuries from trauma
135
Primary headaches:
Tension: most common type, band-like tightness, ache, or pressure around head, dull and steady bilateral pain; no aura, nausea, vomiting or light sensitivity
Migraine: second most common type; unilateral (bilateral on occasion) throbbing pain, worsened by normal physical activity, nausea/vomiting, sensitivity to light/sound; 15-20% experience aura
Cluster: recurring headaches; sudden, severe, debilitating pain on one side, accompanied by watery eye and nasal congestion or runny nose on same side; rare, more frequent in men
136
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome is a model of:
Response to long-term stress
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
137
Episodic memory shows the most decline with age. Both semantic and procedural memory:
Remain intact with age
-it is hypothesized that memory problems with older adults are due to problems with encoding and retrieval, with retrieval problems being more significant
138
Convergent validity and divergent validity:
Convergent validity- high correlation, monotrait, heteromethod
Divergent validity- low correlation, heterotrait, monomethod
*multitrait-multimethod matrix is used to determine a test’s construct validity, which requires both discriminant (divergent) validity and convergent validity
139
Lithium toxicity symptoms
Flu-like; severe tremor, coma, seizures, irregular heartbeat
140
Carol Gilligan suggests 2 approaches to moral reasoning:
1.Justice perspective (men)
2. Caring perspective (women)
- Faced with conflict between own needs and those of others
Level 1: orientation of individual survival
Level 2: goodness as self-sacrifice
Level 3: morality of nonviolence
141
Mahler’s stages of separation and individuation:
1. Normal infantile autism
2. Symbiosis
3. Differentiation
4. Practicing
5. Rapprochement
6. Object constancy
“Normal symbols differ practically very often”
142
Cronbach alpha provides info on a test’s:
Internal consistency reliability
143
Overcorrection consists of restitution and positive practice. Positive practice is most similar to:
Habit reversal training
144
4 conditions required for a claim of malpractice:
1. Professional relationship with client
2. Dereliction or breach of the duty
3. Client suffered injury or harm as a result of dereliction or breach of duty
4. The psychologist’s dereliction or breach of duty was the direct or proximate cause of he person’s harm or injury
145
Cycle of reality therapy:
1. Wants
2. Doing
3. Evaluation
4. Plan
146
Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory:
Distinguished between 3 types of appraisal: primary, secondary, and reappraisal
1. Primary- immediate response to an external event, determining is the event is relevant and if so determining if it’s nonstressful or stressful
2. If stressful, person engages in secondary appraisal, which involves determining what personal and environmental resources s/he has to cope
147
Research on the treatment of paraphillic disorders has found that
CBT remains the predominant approach to the tx of sex offenders and/or individuals with paraphillic dx
*** though not evidence-based
148
Multi systematic therapy is an intensive:
Family and community-based tx that focuses on home, schools, work, and neighborhood to promote pro social behavior while decreasing antisocial bx
149
Sherif’s autokinetic effect is the tendency:
For people to experience a stationary point of light to be moving in a dark room
(Conformity to group normal)
150
3 factors that affect conformity:
Normative social influence (need for approval by group)
Informational social influence (pressure to conform based on assumption that other person has more information than you)
Reference group (conforming based on admiration ie athletes, supervisors, etc)
151
Social influence concepts (2):
Conformity and obedience
152
Adult attachment Interviews:
Secure/Autonomous: secure infants
Insecure/dismissing (contradictions and lapses in memory): avoidant infants
Insecure/preoccupied (confused, incoherent): ambivalent/anxious infants
Disorganized/unresolved (trauma and loss): disorganized infants
