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Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Overjustification theory

A

If external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had been previously been intrinsically motivates, there will be a subsequent decrease in interest in rewarded activity

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2
Q

Gain-Loss Theory

A

People we like most are those who initially don’t like us and then change their perspective to come to like us

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The suprachiasmic nucleus located in the hypothalamus controls the body’s circadian rhythms which include: Sleep-wake cycle

Also Homeostatic functions (sleep wake cycle, temperature, hunger, aggression)

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4
Q

Amygdala

A

Attaches emotional significance to sensory input

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5
Q

Edgar Schein

A

Career Anchors- people’s self-concept acts as an anchor, determining what future occupational decisions will be made

8 categories

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6
Q

John holland

A

Personality-Job Fit

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7
Q

Med least likely to cause problems with concentration, attention, memory

A

Prozac (fluoxetine)

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8
Q

Family therapy (e.g., behavioral marital therapy) based in part on social learning theory most likely focuses on:

A

Communication problems and deficient reward exchanges

Adaptive bx is rewarded, maladaptive behavior is not reinforced, and benefits of being a member outweigh the costs

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9
Q

Circular questioning and hypothesis formation are techniques in Systemic Family Therapy by ______ Group

A

Milan

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10
Q

Solution-Focused Family Therapy (post-modern) by Steve de Shazer

A

Strength-based

Miracle question, exception question, and scaling question

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11
Q

Narrative Therapy by Michael White

A

Re-Storying and unique outcomes

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12
Q

Trycyclic antidepressants can trigger…

A

Manic episode

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13
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Learned helplessness results from attributions that are:

global, stable, and internal

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14
Q

McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory describes 3 work-related needs

A

Needs for:

Achievement

Affiliation

Power

—acquires over time

—Achievement correlates most with work success

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15
Q

Frame-of-reference training is used to:

A

Improve the accuracy of performance ratings

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16
Q

Optimize reliability for test development

A
  1. More test items
  2. Homogeneity of items
  3. Heterogeneous sample
  4. Difficulty of guessing
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17
Q

Levinson- mid-life characterized by

A

A shift in perspective from “time since birth” to “time until death”

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18
Q

Jacksonian seizure is a:

A

Simple partial seizure (does not impair level of consciousness)

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19
Q

Confabulation

A

Recitation of fabricates or imagine info…occurs when person attempts to fill in memory gaps

(Korsakoff’s syndrome)

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20
Q

Biofeedback involves:

A

Operant conditioning and the sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Realistic job previews:

A
  • Increase longevity of employment

- (Reduce turnover by 20%)

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22
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages

A
  • Sensorimotor (0-2) (object permanence develops)
  • Preoperational (2-7) (symbolic thinking)
  • Concrete Operational (7-11) ( Organized thought, Conservation)
  • Formal Operational (11+) (Abstract)
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23
Q

Approach indicated for African Americans

A

Multi-systems

Ensures appreciation for political and sociocultural variables

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24
Q

Donald Kirkpatrick developed:

A

4 level model to assess effectiveness of training

  1. Measure participant reactions
  2. Measures learning (knowledge)
  3. Measures behavior/transfer (being used daily)
  4. Measures effects on business
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25
Q

Broca’s area (speech production) is on the:

A

left frontal lobe

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26
Q

What substance mimics the effects of morphine in the brain?

A

Opioid peptides

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27
Q

Catelle-Horn-Catelle theory of intelligence

A
  • Most empirically validates theory of human intelligence
  • 3 strata model
  • general intelligence “g”
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28
Q

Bipolar I

Bipolar II

A

Bipolar I = one manic episode

Bipolar II = at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (never a manic episode)

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29
Q

Correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared together

A

.50

Reared apart= .25

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30
Q

Quality Assurance focuses on:

A
  1. Availability
  2. Adequacy
  3. Appropriateness of services
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31
Q

A custody evaluation can be conducted with recommendations even if:

A

One parent refuses or is unavailable

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32
Q

Medication induced acute akathisia

A

Common extrapyramidal side effect of traditional antipsychotic medications that involves restlessness accompanied by excessive movements

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33
Q

Best treatment for conduct disorder

A

Individual and family therapy

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34
Q

When working with ethnic minorities, it is important to consider:

A

Credibility and giving

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35
Q

As opposed to homogeneous groups, heterogeneous groups:

A

Experience more stress

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36
Q

Acquired Needs Theory by _______

A

McLelland

nAch, nAff, nPow

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37
Q

Vroom’s _______ Theory:

A

VIE

Ppl behave in ways that are based on their expectancy of success and rewards

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38
Q

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory:

A

How a leader rates a least preferred coworker (LPC)

  • A low LPC leader is someone who assigns low ratings to a least preferred coworker
    • Performs best in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations and are task oriented
  • A high LPC leader is someone who assigns a least preferred coworker highly.
    • high LPC leaders work best under moderately favorable situations and are relationship oriented
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39
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome:

A

Results from damage to dominant parietal lobe with 4 primary symptoms:

  1. Agraphia
  2. Dyscalculia
  3. Inability to distinguish left from right
  4. Ginger agnosia
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40
Q

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory is an expansion of _____’s work and is:

A

Divides maslow’s five needs into upper level needs (motivators) and lower level needs (hygiene factors)

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41
Q

Rational-economic model, known as classical decision theory:

A

Involves exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, choosing the best one

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42
Q

Bipolar I with Psychotic Features:

A

Involves psychotic symptoms that occur only in the presence of a manic or major depressive episode

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43
Q

Validity scales L, F, K

A

High L = naive attempt to look good

High K = guarded

Low F = lack of distress

Combo is faking good

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44
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory:

A

People experience the world based on their anticipation of future events

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45
Q

Cuento therapy

A

Uses Spanish language folktales

Address anxiety, low self esteem, acculturative stress, acting out

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46
Q

Maslow’s need hierarchy:

A
  1. Physiological,
  2. safety,
  3. belonging and love (social)
  4. Esteem
  5. self-actualization
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47
Q

Gestalt boundary disturbances (4):

A
  1. Introjection (unexamined values and beliefs)
  2. Projection (suspiciousness)
  3. Confluence (lack of awareness of conflicts)
  4. Retroflection (turning on oneself the behaviors and emotions one wants to inflict on others)
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48
Q

Moro reflex and Babinski reflex

A

Moro: digital extension and arching of the back when startled

Babinski (plantar reflex): toes spreading when sole is touched

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49
Q

Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations:

A

Hypnogogic= going to sleep

Hypnopompic = waking

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50
Q

Beck’s cognitive behavioral therapy

A

Collaborative empiricism

  • hypothesis testing
  • thoughts are automatic and often outside of consciousness
  • depression results from maladaptive cognitive triad
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51
Q

Job enrichment

A

Enrichment = increasing responsibilities (those in favor are high in growth-need)

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52
Q

MAOi takers should avoid:

A

Foods with Tyramine:

Alcohol, favs or broad beans, aged cheese (cottage/cream cheese is ok), liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, yeast supplements, meat extracts, summer sausage

-could induce hypertensive crisis

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53
Q

Raven and French’s 5 types of power

A 
Legitimate 
Reward
Expert
Referent
Coersive
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54
Q

Criterion for substantially below is an achievement test score that is:

A

at least 1.5 standard deviations below mean for age (7th percentile)

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55
Q

Night terrors remit in

A

Adolescence

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56
Q

Children with aggression or unremitting symptoms of ADHD are at increased risk for developing:

A

Antisocial personality disorder

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57
Q

Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use:

A

Level of alcohol use by parents and peers

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58
Q

Zeignarik effect

A

Tendency to remember more vividly unfinished tasks than completed tasks

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59
Q

Schizophrenia has the best prognosis if:

A

The illness has an abrupt onset

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60
Q

Classical test theory

A

An individual’s test score is equal to the true score and error score variability

X = T + E

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61
Q

Treatment of migraine headaches

A

Thermal feedback paired with relaxation training is more effective than self-monitoring

62
Q

_______ in group therapy is analogous to therapeutic rapport in individual therapy

A

Cohesiveness

63
Q

Best treatment for elderly patients with paranoia

A

Neuroleptics

64
Q

Cognitive impairment from cancer treatment:

A

Result from chemo and radiation involving the central nervous system

65
Q

Adler originated the notion of:

A

Inferiority complex

-children experience a sense of inadequacy based on real and perceived limitations

66
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a brain disorder that results from:

A

Deficiency in thiamine, commonly caused by chronic alcohol use

Most cases proceed into Korsakoff’s syndrome

67
Q

Handed ness expresses itself at age:

A

2 and then becomes firmly established at age 7-8

68
Q

RNA and DNA affect genetics and:

A

Memory

69
Q

Decalage refers to:

A

Unevenness in development

70
Q

Percent tip is ______ with group size

A

Negatively correlated

71
Q

Howard found psychotherapy outcomes improve by ____% after 8 sessions and _____% after 6 months

A

50%, 75%

72
Q

Devi’s effect is extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation:

A

Intrinsic motivation may not be decreased when the extrinsic rewards based on competency

73
Q

Utility analysis:

A

Measures the effectiveness of an intervention in the workplace in terms of the dollar value of the benefits generated

74
Q

Cerebrovascular damage is associated with

A

A stroke; can lead to post-stroke depression (30-40%)

75
Q

Kochanska found that development of conscience in young children is related to:

A

Parenting style and the child’s temperament

76
Q

Gate control theory by Melzack and Wall

A

There are chemical gates in the neural pathway in spinal cord that carry pain messages to brain. Negative states are thought to open the gates and increase the experiences of pain and vice versa

77
Q

Most likely outcome of fetal malnutrition

A

Reduction in number of neurons

78
Q

Alderfer’s ERG Theory proposes three basic needs:

A
  1. Existence
  2. Relatedness
  3. Growth

Satisfying a need makes is stronger*

79
Q

Schizotypal vs Schizoid personality disorder

A

Schizotypal = discomfort with interpersonal relationships

Schizoid = indifferent to interpersonal relationships

80
Q

Cataplexy refers to:

A

Brief episodes of sudden, bilateral loss of muscle tone, most often in association with intense emotion

-it’s included in diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy

81
Q

Abramson and Alloy’s depression research:

A

Depressed ppl tend to have a more realistic assessment of their ability to control an outcome than do persons with normal mood

82
Q

Rapprochement

A

At about 16-24 months, the infant vacillates between going to the mother and moving away from her

83
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia results from an excess of dopamine, cocaine increase availability of big seratonin and dopamine, thus the presence of hallucinations in cocaine intoxications provides support for he link b/w excess dopamine and psychosis

84
Q

The sequential introduction of treatment…

A

Multiple baseline

85
Q

Neurotransmitter consistently implicated in OCD

A

Seratonin

86
Q

Plaques and tangles show up on

A

PET scans

87
Q

Sequence of gender role development

A

Gender roles

Gender identity (age 3 at latest)

Gender constancy (age 5 or 6)

88
Q

Brofenbrenner’s 5 levels of ecological approach

A

Microsystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

Chronosystem

89
Q

Regarding the arousal motive:

A

Peak performance is usually attained at moderate levels of arousal.

Relationship between performance and arousal is curvilinear

90
Q

Sleeper effect

A

When one forgets the source of information but remembers the message

91
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepines:

A

Hallucinations and seizures

Also rebound anxiety occurs

92
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of antipsychotics

A

Insomnia, nightmares, and gastrointestinal distress

93
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of opioids

A

Nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, dysphoric mood

94
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of stimulants:

A

Dysphoria and fatigue

95
Q

Hostility attribution bias:

A

A person expects others to be hostile and acts aggressively as a result, thus eliciting hostility from others and reinforcing the bias

(Preemptive strike)

96
Q

If an individual with Bipolar I had liver disease (therefore cannot take lithium), _______ should be prescribed

A

Anticonvulsants (eg depakote, depakene)

97
Q

The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis is:

A

Free association

98
Q

The person most likely to benefit from group therapy is someone who is experiencing:

A

moderate emotional distress

99
Q

ABAB single-subject design involves applying treatment in __________ sequence with baseline

A

alternating

100
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, lowest to highest is:

A

Mode, median, mean

101
Q

There is a direct relationship btw standard error of the mean and population standard deviation but an indirect relationship btw standard error of the mean and ___________

A

Sample size

102
Q

Parametric tests require:

A

Normally distributed data

103
Q

Coefficient alpha (kuder-Richardson) calculates:

A

All possible split halves

104
Q

Selection ratio is defined as:

A

The proportion of available openings to available applicants

-when low (ie .10), And base rate is moderate, the test will have the greatest incremental validity

105
Q

Berry’s 4 acculturation strategies:

A

Assimilation

Separation

Integration

Marginalization

106
Q

Adolescents 4 categories of progress toward forming a mature identity:

A

Identity achievement

Moratorium

Foreclosure

Diffusion

107
Q

Deep processing, which is a method to enhance memory for information, involves:

A

Elaboration of information

-focus on meaning, interpretation, make meaningful associations

108
Q

Donald super’s Career Rainbow Model emphasizes:

A

All of one’s life roles, not just occupational roles

109
Q

Taylor-Russell tables incorporate info about:

A

Base rates

Selection ratio

Criterion-related validity

(The book determines incremental validity)

110
Q

Eta is the coefficient of choice for:

A

A curvilinear relationship

111
Q

Diathesis-stress model proposes that mental illness is the result of:

A

Predisposing bodily causes and strain from external pressure

Schizophrenia

112
Q

Cross’s Black Racial Identify Development model:

A

Preencounter

Encounter

Immersion-Emersion

Internalization

113
Q

Vroom and Yetton’s Normative model states that there are ____ styles of leader behavior on a continuum ranging from:

A

Autocratic to complete participation.

The most effective style of leadership in any given situation depends upon the importance of the decision, the time needed to reach it, and the extent to which the decision is accepted by the employees.

114
Q

House’s Path-Goal theory deals with:

And how many style of leadership?

A

The ways leaders can help employees reach their goals

Using one of four styles

  1. Directive
  2. Supportive
  3. Participative
  4. Achievement-oriented

-the most effective style is dependent on the subordinates and the situation

115
Q

Graen’s leader member exchange theory focuses on impact of:

A

The leader-subordinate relationship on the leadership process.

-employees are either in-group or out-group

Leaders use “leadership” approach (influence through persuasion) with in-group and “supervisory” approach (formal authority) with out-group

116
Q

Quality control circles goal:

A

To improve finish product and level of production

117
Q

Regarding immigrants and hospitalization…

A

There are higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization for immigrants, especially young men

Psych problems tend to peak between one yr and 3 yrs after arrival

118
Q

Interactionist view holds that:

A

Children have an inborn mechanism for acquiring language, which is influenced by biological and cognitive maturation and influences with environ.

(Nature and nurture)

119
Q

Adaptation (Piaget) occurs through:

A

Assimilation and adaptation

-equilibration describes the need for and striving toward equilibrium
E.g., if a child can not understand a new situation using current schemata, it will move toward accommodation, develop new patterns, and thereby restore equilibrium

120
Q

The Sensorimotor (birth - 2 or time of significant language acquisition) critical accomplishment is:

A

Development of object permanence (occurs after 3-4 months)

  • the ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them
  • infants become able to maintain a mental image when object is not present
  • explains separation protest and stranger anxiety

-also becomes more capable of symbolic representation…

121
Q

The Preoperational stage (2-7) is characterized by:

A
  • Intuitive thinking
  • egocentrism
  • phenomenalistic causality
  • animism
  • irreversibility
  • centration
122
Q

The concrete operational stage (7-11) is characterized by:

A
  • operational thought

- Conservation

123
Q

The Formal Operational stage (11+) is characterized by:

A
  • ability to apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects
  • acquire abstract reasoning skills to comprehend algebra
  • Metacognition
124
Q

Constructivism (Piaget):

A

A person develops new knowledge based on the foundation of previous learning, and by interacting with objects and events in the environment

  • when applied to schooling, constructivists place emphasis on the student (not teacher)
  • Also peers are highly influential in cog dev.*
125
Q

Cri-du-chat is

A

Not inherited and caused by a chromosomal deletion

126
Q

Sexual orientation identity development (6):

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Identity Comparison
  3. Identity Tolerance
  4. Identity Acceptance
  5. Identity Pride
  6. Identity Synthesis
127
Q

Sleep cycle divided into:

A

4 Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM) stages followed by REM sleep (aka stage 5)

Stage 1 = Theta waves (transition between wakefulness and sleep)

Stage 2 = brain produces rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temp starts to decrease and heart rate slows

Stages 3 + 4 = Delta waves. Stage 3 is transitional period btw light and very deep sleep. Stage 4 is deep sleep but muscles maintain tone.

Stage 5 = REM sleep, rapid eye movement, increased respiration rate, increased brain activity. While brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become relaxed. Dreaming occurs

128
Q

REM sleep does what over time?

A

Decreases.

Newborns spend 50% if sleep in REM

Five year olds it’s about 20-25%

Adults about 18%

129
Q

Seizures are:

A

GENERALIZED SEIZURES
-Tonic/Clonic (grand mal): sudden loss of consciousness and tonic activity (stiffening) followed by clinic activity (rhythmic jerking from muscle contractions), after there’s headache, confusion, fatigue, and amnesia for seizure

-Absence (petite mal): occurs most frequently in children usually beginning before age 5, last form 1-30 secs, begin with brief change in level of consciousness, followed by blinking or rolling of eyes, blank stare, slight mouth movements, may appear to be daydreaming, posture is retained, pre-seizure activity is returned to w/o difficulty

PARTIAL SEIZURES
-Complex Partial: impairment of consciousness, automatisms (involuntary purposeless behaviors), frequently preceded by an aura, deja vu, nausea, heat or tingling, or distortion of senses, most commonly a manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy

  • Simple partial: remains conscious, electrical abnormalities in a focal area of brain only (any lobe), Sx may be motor, autonomic, sensory, or psychological
  • Jacksonian seizures are a type of simple partial frontal lobe seizure, characterized by initially localized motor seizure, with a spread of abnormal activity to adjacent brain areas. E.g. may start in finger and go up hand-arm
130
Q

ECT and memory loss:

A

Anterograde amnesia(difficulty creating new memories) typically resolves after a few weeks

Retrograde amnesia tends to take longer to resolve

  • the risk of severe and long-lasting memory loss is uncommon
  • bilateral ECT causes greater memory impairment than unilateral ECT
  • disagreement about whether unilateral ECT is as effective
131
Q

EEG uses:

A

Electrodes to measure electrical activity in cortex

Aids in diagnosis of brain conditions especially seizures

132
Q

PET scans and SPECT scans:

A

Nuclear imaging techniques used to demonstrate activity or functioning of the brain and other organs

  • small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein, inhaled, or swallowed
  • measure metabolism and blood flow, which helps detect abnormalities
  • cancers show up as brighter spots on PET/SPECT scans because cancer cells have a higher metabolism rate than normal cells
133
Q

MRI, fMRI, and MR spectroscopy:

A

MRI (most frequently used imaging test of brain): magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the structure of the brain, other organs, and tissues; can pick up scars and lesions indicating damage

fMRI: examines brain activity and functioning, specifically detects how blood flows within brain during specific task

MR spectroscopy: used to detect metabolic changes in the brain consistent with certain diseases

134
Q

CT scan:

A

Test of structure, series of x-Ray views taken from many angles to create cross-sectional images of the brain, bones, or soft tissues

  • especially useful for quickly examining ppl who may have bleeding, blood clots, or internal injuries from trauma
135
Q

Primary headaches:

A

Tension: most common type, band-like tightness, ache, or pressure around head, dull and steady bilateral pain; no aura, nausea, vomiting or light sensitivity

Migraine: second most common type; unilateral (bilateral on occasion) throbbing pain, worsened by normal physical activity, nausea/vomiting, sensitivity to light/sound; 15-20% experience aura

Cluster: recurring headaches; sudden, severe, debilitating pain on one side, accompanied by watery eye and nasal congestion or runny nose on same side; rare, more frequent in men

136
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome is a model of:

A

Response to long-term stress

  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
137
Q

Episodic memory shows the most decline with age. Both semantic and procedural memory:

A

Remain intact with age

-it is hypothesized that memory problems with older adults are due to problems with encoding and retrieval, with retrieval problems being more significant

138
Q

Convergent validity and divergent validity:

A

Convergent validity- high correlation, monotrait, heteromethod

Divergent validity- low correlation, heterotrait, monomethod

*multitrait-multimethod matrix is used to determine a test’s construct validity, which requires both discriminant (divergent) validity and convergent validity

139
Q

Lithium toxicity symptoms

A

Flu-like; severe tremor, coma, seizures, irregular heartbeat

140
Q

Carol Gilligan suggests 2 approaches to moral reasoning:

A

1.Justice perspective (men)

  1. Caring perspective (women)
    • Faced with conflict between own needs and those of others

Level 1: orientation of individual survival
Level 2: goodness as self-sacrifice
Level 3: morality of nonviolence

141
Q

Mahler’s stages of separation and individuation:

A
  1. Normal infantile autism
  2. Symbiosis
  3. Differentiation
  4. Practicing
  5. Rapprochement
  6. Object constancy

“Normal symbols differ practically very often”

142
Q

Cronbach alpha provides info on a test’s:

A

Internal consistency reliability

143
Q

Overcorrection consists of restitution and positive practice. Positive practice is most similar to:

A

Habit reversal training

144
Q

4 conditions required for a claim of malpractice:

A
  1. Professional relationship with client
  2. Dereliction or breach of the duty
  3. Client suffered injury or harm as a result of dereliction or breach of duty
  4. The psychologist’s dereliction or breach of duty was the direct or proximate cause of he person’s harm or injury
145
Q

Cycle of reality therapy:

A
  1. Wants
  2. Doing
  3. Evaluation
  4. Plan
146
Q

Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory:

A

Distinguished between 3 types of appraisal: primary, secondary, and reappraisal

  1. Primary- immediate response to an external event, determining is the event is relevant and if so determining if it’s nonstressful or stressful
  2. If stressful, person engages in secondary appraisal, which involves determining what personal and environmental resources s/he has to cope
147
Q

Research on the treatment of paraphillic disorders has found that

A

CBT remains the predominant approach to the tx of sex offenders and/or individuals with paraphillic dx

*** though not evidence-based

148
Q

Multi systematic therapy is an intensive:

A

Family and community-based tx that focuses on home, schools, work, and neighborhood to promote pro social behavior while decreasing antisocial bx

149
Q

Sherif’s autokinetic effect is the tendency:

A

For people to experience a stationary point of light to be moving in a dark room

(Conformity to group normal)

150
Q

3 factors that affect conformity:

A

Normative social influence (need for approval by group)

Informational social influence (pressure to conform based on assumption that other person has more information than you)

Reference group (conforming based on admiration ie athletes, supervisors, etc)

151
Q

Social influence concepts (2):

A

Conformity and obedience

152
Q

Adult attachment Interviews:

A

Secure/Autonomous: secure infants

Insecure/dismissing (contradictions and lapses in memory): avoidant infants

Insecure/preoccupied (confused, incoherent): ambivalent/anxious infants

Disorganized/unresolved (trauma and loss): disorganized infants

CT EPPP (3 decks)

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