vocab Flashcards
VHD
virtual hard disk
SLAT
second level address translation, aka nested paging: hardware-assisted virtualization technology that avoids the overhead of software-assisted shadow page tables
req’d processor feature for Server 2016
nic teaming
the process of combining multiple nic cards together for performance and redundancy
not supported in Nano Server
IoT
internet of things
Nano Server
The smallest possible installation option of Windows Server 2016, with no user interface
Volume Activation Services server role
enables you to automate and simplify the issuance and management of Microsoft software volume licenses for a variety of scenarios and environments. With the Volume Activation Services role, you can install and configure the Key Management Service (KMS) and enable Active Directory-based Activation
Automatic Virtual Machine Activation
allows you to install virtual machines on a properly activated Windows server without having to manage product keys for each individual virtual machine, even in disconnected environments.
Datacenter Edition
The most powerful edition of Server 2016.
- ideal for highly virtualized and software-defined datacenter envs;
- core-based licensing;
- CALs needed
- unlimited Hyper-V containers
- Host Guardian and Nano Server support; advanced storage features: ex: Storage Spaces Direct and Storage Replica; shielded VM support
Standard Edition
The typical edition of Server 2016 for most medium to large businesses
- ideal for low density and nonvirtualized envs
- core-based licensing
- CALs needed
- max 2 Hyper-V containers
- Host Guardian and Nano Server support
Essentials
The smallest edition of Server 2016, designed for small businesses.
- <25 users and <50 devices
- processor-based licensing
- no CALs needed
CAL
client access license
DISM
Deployment Image Servicing and Management
MAP
Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit: collection of tools to make it easy to assess the current IT infrastructure for a variety of migration projects;
Solution Accelerator provides a powerful inventory, assessment, and reporting tool to simplify the migration planning process.
PowerShell Direct
A feature that permits commands to be run against VMs from a local PowerShell installation. Two methods:
- Create and exit a PowerShell Direct session using PSSession cmdlets.
- Run a script or command with the Invoke-Command cmdlet.
IOPS
input/output operations per second
Generation 1
.vhd
good for:
- non-UEFI compatible VHD
- VM will be migrated to Azure
- unsupported boot method
- OS doesn’t support gen 2 (or is 32bit)
- Server 2008 / 2008r2
- Win7
- RHEL/CentOS 5.x and 6.x series
- Debian 7.x series
- any FreeBSD
- Oracle Linux 6.x series
- Oracle Linux UEK R3
- SUSE Linux Ent Server 11 series
- Open SUSE 12.3
- Ubuntu 12.04
Generation 2
.vhdx
Advantages:
- PXE boot
- SCSI boot
- Boot volume size
- VHDX boot volume resizing
- Software-based peripherals
- Enhanced Session Mode
- Shielded Virtual Machines
- Storage Spaces Direct
supported OSs:
- Server 2012 / 2012r2
- Win8 / 8.1 / 10
- RHEL/CentOS 7.x series
- Debian 8.x series
- Oracle Linux 7.x series
- Oracle Linux UEK R4
- SUSE Linux Ent Server 12 series
- Ubuntu 14.04 and later
Private Virtual Switch
- connects to a network used only by VMs on the Host that has the virtual switch
- does NOT allow comm b/t Host and VMs
ReFS (v2) advantages over NTFS
ReFS = Resilient File System
- gives Accelerated VHDX options in Hyper-V, for massive performance inc. when creating/extending a VHD, when merging checkpoints, and when performing backups.
- A block cloning approach is key to excellent checkpoint performance.
- Use of a 64 KB block size allows optimal performance in Hyper-V, with partition alignment handled automatically by Hyper-V.
- When Storage Spaces pool uses ReFS as underlying on-disk format, it leverages new features to greatly improve the repair process.
- ReFS v2 uses the concept of cluster “bands” to group multiple chunks of data together for efficient I/O, helping with your use of data tiering—specifically in moving data between tiers.
- Automatic integrity checking
- new data scrubbing techniques.
- better protection against data degradation.
- built-in drive recovery and redundancy.
- supports up to 1 trillion terabytes.
- faster creation of new volumes
ReFS (v2) disadvantages, vs. NTFS
ReFS = Resilient File System
- cannot replace NTFS in all scenarios.
- cannot use with Clustered Shared Volumes.
- no conversion capability between NTFS and ReFS.
- no file-based deduplication.
- no disk quotas.
- no object identifiers.
- no encryption support.
- cannot use named streams.
- no transaction support.
- no hard links.
- no support for external attributes.
- no support for 8.3 filenames.
SMB (share)
Server Message Block; for Windows shares; a network file sharing protocol that allows applications on a computer to read and write to files and to request services from server programs in a computer network.
The SMB protocol can be used on top of its TCP/IP protocol or other network protocols. Latest version = 3.0
NFS (share)
network file system; for Unix shares; allows a system to share directories and files with others over a network.
By using NFS, users and programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local files
Standard Format Disk
A disk that uses a 512-byte physical sector
Advanced Format Disk
A disk that uses a 4092-byte physical sector
MBR
Master Boot Record
An older partition style that does not support disk space larger than 2 TB.
GPT
GUID Partition Table
newer partition style that does support disk space larger than 2 TB
VHD or VHDX
virtual hard disk, which is a method of installing Nano Server
NTFS
New Technology File System
common file system for Windows Server 2016; started w/ Windows NT 3.1
iSCSI initiator
a client in the iSCSI network
iSCSI target
an iSCSI component that advertises storage to the iSCSI network
iSNS
Internet Storage Name Service: A protocol used for iSCSI resources
IQN
iSCSI Qualified Name: unique identifier that iSCSI uses to identify initiators and targets on an iSCSI network
iFCP
Internet Fibre Channel Protocol: a gateway-to-gateway network protocol standard which provides Fibre Channel fabric functionality to Fibre Channel devices over an IP network
DCB
Data Center Bridging: Priority-based flow control for a converged storage network
a suite of IEEE standards which enables converged fabrics in the data center, where storage, data networking, cluster IPC, and management traffic all share the same ethernet network infrastructure.
iSCSI
Internet Small Computer System Interface: IP-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities. It provides block-level access to storage devices by carrying SCSI commands over a TCP/IP network.
RDMA
Remote Direct Memory Access: direct memory access from the memory of one computer into that of another without involving either one’s operating system, which can be enabled on Hyper-V switches
RoCE
RDMA over Converged Ethernet (aka DCB)
MCS
Multiple Connected Session (as FYI)
MPIO
MultiPath I/O: resiliency feature for a SAN
iSCSI protocol for connection redundancy, which:
- supports multiple NICs in an iSCSI initiator and iSCSI Target Server, so you can use MPIO to provide failover redundancy during network outages.
- needs a device-specific module (DSM) if you want to connect to a third-party SAN device connected to the iSCSI initiator
- is widely supported, but more complex to configure and is not as fully automated during failover as MCS
DSM
device-specific module, for connecting third-party SAN devices to the iSCSI inititator
Storage Replica
permits storage and agnostic data replication b/t clusters or servers
- req’s Datacenter Edition
- req’s GPT initalized disks
- can be Server-to-Server, Cluster-to-Cluster, or Stretch Cluster (one cluster w/ nodes and storage in two locations, for failover of VMs b/t clusters)
- one-to-one replication (no third location)
- block level only
- can be synchronous or asynchronous
- can replicate data for open files
Appropriate for:
- Virtual Machines
- File Servers
- SQL Server
… but not for:
- SYSVOL
- Exchange
Req’s:
- participants must be in a domain
- two vols per enclosure: data/logs
- data vols must be of identical size and sector size
- logs vols must be of identical size and sector sizes - 1 Gbps and 5ms latency
- 4GB ram and >= 2 CPU cores
- firewalls must allow ICMP, SMB and WS-MAN bidirectional
- local admin perms
Storage Spaces
Virtual disks created from free space in a Storage Pool, as NTFS or ReFS; mgmt options:
- Windows Storage Management API in WMI
- PowerShell
- File and Storage Services rol
Storage Pools
A collection of physical disks presented as logical disks (for example, one large logical disk).
Tiered Storage
an underlying principle of ILM (information lifecycle management). It is a storage networking method where data is stored on various types of media based on performance, availability and recovery requirements
chunk
section of a file selected by Data Deduplication chunking algorithm as likely to occur in other, similar files
chunk store
organized series of container files in the System Volume Information folder that Data Deduplication uses to uniquely store chunks
Dedup
Data Deduplication
file metadata
describes interesting properties about the file that are not related to the main content of the file.
file stream
The main content of a file (inre dedup processes)
file system
The software and on-disk data structure that an OS uses to store files on storage media.
file system filter
A plug-in that modifies the default behavior of the file system.
optimization
process in which a file is optimized (dedup’d) if it has been chunked, and its unique chunks have been stored in the chunk store
optimization policy
policy which specifies the files that should be considered for Data Deduplication.
reparse point
special tag that notifies the file system to pass off I/O to a specified file system filter.
volume
Windows construct for a logical storage drive that may span multiple physical storage devices across one or more servers
workload
An application that runs on Windows Server
Active Directory-Based Activation
role service that allows you to use Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) to store activation objects
advanced format disk
A disk that uses a 4092-byte physical sector.
affinity
The ability to control how a cluster reacts to repeated requests from the same client.
alerts
A Data Collector Set feature that allows you to configure notifications when counters breach certain thresholds
ACS
Azure Container Services: clustered virtual machines for running container-based applications