Vocab Flashcards
2 Dimensions of Gentile’s Taxonomy
Environmental context and function of the action
Regulatory conditions
Environmental features to which movement must conform (messing with athlete)
Non-regulatory conditions
Features of the environment with no or indirect effect on movement
Intertrial variability
Variations in the regulatory conditions from one trial to the next
Open skill
Object, surface and/or other people in motion
Closed skill
Stationary supporting surface, object and/or other people
Movement time
Initiation of the movement to the end of movement
Reaction time
From go signal to beginning of movement
Response time
Go signal to end of movement (reaction time + movement time)
Coordination
Angle-angle diagrams
Absolute error
Absolute value of difference between the actual performance on each trial and the criterion of each trial
Constant error
Difference between actual performance on each trial and criterion for each trial
Variable error
Standard deviation of the constant error scores
Kinetic measures
Displacement, velocity, acceleration
MEG, EEG, fMRI
Measure brain activity
General motor ability hypothesis
Many motor abilities highly related and can be grouped as a singular global motor ability
Specificity of motor abilities hypothesis
All motor abilities are relatively independent, each person varies
Attractor
Stable state of the motor control system that represents preferred patterns of coordination (walking)
Primary motor Cortext
A
Occipital lobe
A
General Motor Program
Memory based mechanism (invariant feature vs parameter)
Premotor Area
Cerebral Cortext; organization of movements before initiated, rhythmic coordination, control of movement based on observation of another person
Dynamical Systems Theory
Control of coordinated movement by emphasizing role of environment info and dynamic properties of the body/limbs
Cerebellum
Control of smooth and accurate movement
Basal ganglia
Movement initiation
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebrum
Right and left hemispheres, cerebral Cortext (4 lobes, fine motor skills)
Thalamus
Relay station
Motor unit
Alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fiber it innervates
Degrees of Freedom
Number of independent elements in a system and ways each element can act
Coordination
Pattern of body and limb motions relative to the environment
Perception action coupling
Linking together of info and movements
Affordances
Possibilities for action
Proproiception
Perception of body, limb and head movement characteristics
Temporal occlusion procedure
Stop video or film at certain times, crystal glasses
Central vision
Fovea like vision, where we are looking
Peripheral vision
Detects info beyond central vision
Optic flow
Moving pattern of light rays that strike the retina
Fitt’s law
Speed and accuracy trade off; predicts movement time
Hick’s Law
Reaction time increases logarithmically as number of choices increases
Bimanual coordination
Motor skills requiring simultaneous use of 2 arms
Prehension
Reaching and grasping an object
Motor equivalence
Person who can adapt to various context demands (handwriting)
Locomotion
Control pattern generators in the spinal cord provide basis for stereotypic rhythmicity of walking and running gait patterns
Tau
Time to contact (based on increasing size of object coming at you)
Cost-benefit trade-off
Trade off for biasing anticipated response to the higher probability
Stimulus response compatibility
Reaction time decreases as spatial compatibility increases between stimulus and response
Stroop effect
Relation between colors and color names
Foreperiod
Interval between warning and go signal (RT decreases more constant it is)
Psychological refractory period
Delay of response to 2nd stimulus after a fake stimulus
Vigilance
Alertness of the performer in optimal go signal range
Attention
Consciousness, awareness, and cognitive effort
Kahneman’s attention theory (Central resource theory)
Proposed flexible attention capacity limits; Optimal levels of arousal for performing certain tasks
Multiple resource theories
Propose we have multiple resources for attention, each with its independent capacity
Dual-task procedure
Determines attention demands of the simultaneous performance of 2 tasks; primary and secondary tasks
Attentional focus
Directing of attention to specific aspects of our performance or performance environment
Action effect hypothesis
Proposed benefit of external direction of focus
Automaticity
Performance of a skill with little to no demand of attention
Selective attention
Detection and selection of performance related info in the performance environment
Visual search
Directing visual attention to locate relevant info in the environment
Working memory
Sensory, perceptual, Attentional and short term memory processes
Long term memory
Serves as more permanent storage bin of info
Procedural memory
How to do specific activities
Episodic memory
Stores info about personally experienced events
Semantic memory
Stores general knowledge about facts
Declarative knowledge
Can be verbalized; what to do
Procedural knowledge
How to do a skill
Encoding
Process of storing to be memory info int a form that can be stored
Retrieval
Recalling memories
Explicit memory tests
Recall and recognition tests
Implicit memory
Assess info in memory that is difficult or impossible to verbalize
Forgetting-Proactive interference
A previous activity interfering with memory
Forgetting- Retroactive interface
Possible negative transfer; an after the fact activity interfering with memory
Performance
Execution of a skill at a specific time in a specific location (directly observable, unlike learning)
Learning
A change in capacity to perform a skill that must be inferred from permanent improvement (not directly observable)
6 general performance characteristics as learning occurs
Improvement Consistency Stability Persistence Adaptability Reduced attention demands
Methods to asses motor skill learning
Retention tests
Transfer tests
Coordination dynamics
Dual task procedure
