Vocab

Question 1

Contradictory

Answer 1

Statements in which one must be true and the other must be false

Question 2

Contrary

Answer 2

Statements in which one MAY be true (and the other false) but both MAY be false

Question 3

Strong Coherentism

Answer 3

theory that belonging to a coherent system of beliefs is

1. necessary for a belief to be justified and
2. by itself sufficient for a belief to be justified.

Question 4

Necessity Coherentism

Answer 4

theory that belonging to a coherent system of belief is a NECESSARY structural condition for a belief to be justified (but not sufficient)

Question 5

Sufficiency Coherentism

Answer 5

the theory that coherence is sufficient, by itself, to generate justification (but not the only sufficient factor)

Question 6

bifurcation

Answer 6

creation of a dichotomy

Question 7

Skepticism (philosophical)

Answer 7

questions the notion that truth claims are possible

Question 8

Fallibilism

Answer 8

philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world, and yet still be justified in holding their incorrect beliefs

Question 9

Pyrrhonism

Answer 9

absolute skepticism

Question 10

Enlightenment

Answer 10

philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in late 17th and 18th century Europe whose range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy

Question 11

Classical Liberalism

Answer 11

worldview arising during the Enlightenment emphasizing the role of liberty (freedom)

Question 12

Social Liberalism

Answer 12

worldview arising during the Enlightenment emphasizing the role of equality liberty (freedom)

Question 13

Classical Conservativism

Answer 13

worldview emphasizing a belief in natural law and transcendent moral order (universal truths of faith)

Question 14

Fascism

Answer 14

form of radical authoritarian nationalism

Question 15

Communism

Answer 15

a political and economic system in which the means of production are owned by the working class

Question 16

Romanticism

Answer 16

a movement arising in response to the Enlightenment in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual

Question 17

Counter Enlightenment

Answer 17

term established by Isaiah Berlin to describe a movement that arose primarily in late 18th- and early 19th-century Germany against the rationalism, universalism and empiricism commonly associated with the Enlightenment

Question 18

determinism

Answer 18

the doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will. Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions

Question 19

scientism

Answer 19

belief in the universal applicability of the scientific method and approach, and the view that empirical science constitutes the most “authoritative” worldview or the most valuable part of human learning—to the exclusion of other viewpoints

Question 20

dialectics

Answer 20

discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments