Vocab

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

1. Concerned with the study and development of concepts
2. Numerical summary of data
3. Test stat that is a result of a statistical test (result of a computation)

Question 2

Descriptive or Inferential Stats

Answer 2

Used to estimate or make inferences about population parameters
ex. pop mean, variance, SD

Question 3

Graunt

Answer 3

17th century

Studied affairs of the state, population stats

Question 4

Petty

Answer 4

17th Century

economist who studied probability, political arithmetic, census techniques, insurance

Question 5

Pascal

Answer 5

17th century

studied probability and gambling

Question 6

Bernalli

Answer 6

17th-18th century

economist who studied probability, risk of smallpox, and effects of vaccination

Question 7

Laplace and Gauss

Answer 7

18th century

Normal curve, regression through study of astronomy

Question 8

Quetelet

Answer 8

19th century
astronomer who applied stats to human bio, social mechanics, relationship between physical and cognitive abilities.
Tried to predict criminal behavior which is impossible to do

Question 9

Galton

Answer 9

19th century

Studied genetic variation in humans by using regression and correlation

Question 10

Pearson

Answer 10

20th century
Related to Darwin
Father of statistics
Studied natural selection using correlation, created the first academic department of statistics, Biometrika journal, helped develop Chi square analysis for evolutionary biologists

Question 11

Gossett

Answer 11

20th Century
“Student”
Studied the process of brewing, probabilities with small sample sizes, developed the students test

Question 12

Fisher

Answer 12

20th century

ANOVA, importance of experimental design

Question 13

Wilcoxon

Answer 13

20th century

Biochemist who studied pesticides, non parametric equivalent of 2 samples test

Question 14

Ratio data

Answer 14

Constant size interval between values, has a true zero

used for most measurements

Question 15

interval data

Answer 15

constant size interval between values, but has an arbitrary zero.
ex. temperature, time of day, date of the year
have to start somewhere

Question 16

ordinal data

Answer 16

ordered or ranked data, no numerical differences between data
ex. darker vs lighter, shorter vs taller
comparison

Question 17

nominal data

Answer 17

nonnumeric qualities or attributes

names and colors

Question 18

continuous measurement

Answer 18

data where there are infinite numbers of values between and 2 individual values

Question 19

discrete

Answer 19

integers, counts

33 seals, 22 cells…

Question 20

accuracy

Answer 20

about the measuring device, how close a measurement is to the real measurement, evaluates the device

Question 21

precision

Answer 21

how well the measurement can be repeated exactly every time, evaluates the researcher

Question 22

Rounding

Answer 22

Round up an odd number

Leave even number alone

Question 23

Population

Answer 23

universe of events

Hard to get data from every member of the population

Question 24

sample

Answer 24

subset of population

Question 25

Random sampling

Answer 25

every individual in population has same probability of being selected

Question 26

systematic sampling

Answer 26

uses a predetermined method

Question 27

stratified sampling

Answer 27

heterogeneous data

Question 28

convenience sampling

Answer 28

use whatever sample is convenient and available

Question 29

probability

Answer 29

chance or likelihood that something will occur

Question 30

theoretical probability

Answer 30

what you think will happen

flip a coin, chance of having boy/girl

Question 31

empiracal probability

Answer 31

calculate possibilities based on data collected

Question 32

variance

Answer 32

sums of squares/degrees of freedom

df=n-1=sample size-1