vocab Flashcards
the movement of substances spontaneously across a cell membrane without the use of energy; move with the concentration gradient
ex: diffusion and osmosis
active transport
the smallest unit that can function indepentently and perform all the necessary functions of life
cell
a unifying and universally accepted theory in biology stating that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
cell theory
an optional structure of prokaryotes depending on the species
protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell
cell wall
the organelle in plants where photosynthesis occurs
chloroplast
a lipid that helps the membrane maintain its flexibility bypreventing it from becoming too fluid or floppy at moderate temperatures, while also preventing it from becoming too rigid during freezing temperatures.
the amount of _________ varys depending on the type of cell
cholesterol
part of the structure of prokaryotes
the contents contained by the cell membrane
location of metabolic functions
cytoplasm
jelly-like fluid in the cytoplasm
cytosol
when a particle called a solute is dissolved in a solvent and moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower concentration, eventually resulting in an even distribution referred to as dynamic equalibrium
simplest type of passive transport
driven by the kinetic energy of the molecule
diffusion
the process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells
endocytosis
the _________ as it pertains to eukaryotic cells provides the best theory as to how eukaryotic cells came to be
states that two different prokaryotic cells may have established a close partnership with each other and a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell may have come to live inside a larger “host” prokaryote and that the photosynthetic prokaryote may have shared some of its energy created through photosynthesis. overtime, the two cells could have become dependent on each other until neither could live without the other and the became a single, more complex organism.
endosymbiosis theory
unicellular or multicellular organisms
ex: protists, fungi, plants, and animals
eukaryote
contains a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
usually much larger than prokaryotic cells
ex: every organism we see without a microscope is a _________ organism
eukaryotic cell
the process by which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents into the external enviroment
the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell
used to transport large proteins out of the cell as well as expel wastes or secrete hormones
exocytosis
when spontaneous diffusion requirs a transport protein
can be reduced or stopped
ex: cystinuria
facilitated dissfusion
describes the “fluid” structure of the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates found in the plasma membrane
fluid mosaic
the polar head of a phospholipid that orients close to water and allow the cell to interact with its watery enviroment
glycerol
polar
interacts with water
hydrophilic
nonpolar
does not interact with water
hydrophobic
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________
causes the cell to shrink as water leaves the cell
hypertonic
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________
causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell
hypotonic
this theory states that the plasma membrane could have folded in on itself to form the inner compartments of the cell, which eventually became modifies and specialized
invagination
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell
isotonic
hydrophobic
does not interact with water
nonpolar
