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vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the movement of substances spontaneously across a cell membrane without the use of energy; move with the concentration gradient

ex: diffusion and osmosis

A

active transport

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2
Q

the smallest unit that can function indepentently and perform all the necessary functions of life

A

cell

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3
Q

a unifying and universally accepted theory in biology stating that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

A

cell theory

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4
Q

an optional structure of prokaryotes depending on the species

protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell

A

cell wall

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5
Q

the organelle in plants where photosynthesis occurs

A

chloroplast

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6
Q

a lipid that helps the membrane maintain its flexibility bypreventing it from becoming too fluid or floppy at moderate temperatures, while also preventing it from becoming too rigid during freezing temperatures.

the amount of _________ varys depending on the type of cell

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

part of the structure of prokaryotes

the contents contained by the cell membrane

location of metabolic functions

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

jelly-like fluid in the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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9
Q

when a particle called a solute is dissolved in a solvent and moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower concentration, eventually resulting in an even distribution referred to as dynamic equalibrium

simplest type of passive transport

driven by the kinetic energy of the molecule

A

diffusion

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10
Q

the process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells

A

endocytosis

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11
Q

the _________ as it pertains to eukaryotic cells provides the best theory as to how eukaryotic cells came to be

states that two different prokaryotic cells may have established a close partnership with each other and a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell may have come to live inside a larger “host” prokaryote and that the photosynthetic prokaryote may have shared some of its energy created through photosynthesis. overtime, the two cells could have become dependent on each other until neither could live without the other and the became a single, more complex organism.

A

endosymbiosis theory

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12
Q

unicellular or multicellular organisms

ex: protists, fungi, plants, and animals

A

eukaryote

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13
Q

contains a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

usually much larger than prokaryotic cells

ex: every organism we see without a microscope is a _________ organism

A

eukaryotic cell

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14
Q

the process by which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents into the external enviroment

the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell

used to transport large proteins out of the cell as well as expel wastes or secrete hormones

A

exocytosis

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15
Q

when spontaneous diffusion requirs a transport protein

can be reduced or stopped

ex: cystinuria

A

facilitated dissfusion

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16
Q

describes the “fluid” structure of the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates found in the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic

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17
Q

the polar head of a phospholipid that orients close to water and allow the cell to interact with its watery enviroment

A

glycerol

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18
Q

polar

interacts with water

A

hydrophilic

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19
Q

nonpolar

does not interact with water

A

hydrophobic

20
Q

when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________

causes the cell to shrink as water leaves the cell

A

hypertonic

21
Q

when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________

causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell

A

hypotonic

22
Q

this theory states that the plasma membrane could have folded in on itself to form the inner compartments of the cell, which eventually became modifies and specialized

A

invagination

23
Q

when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell

A

isotonic

24
Q

hydrophobic

does not interact with water

A

nonpolar

25
Q

in a eukaryote: contains the DNA

A

nucleus

26
Q

located in the cytoplasm

perform different functions

A

organelle

27
Q

the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to equalize the concentration of water inside and outside of the cell

A

osmosis

27
Q

the movement of substances spontaneously across a cell membrane without the use of energy

move with the concentration gradient

ex: diffusion and osmosis

A

passive transport

27
Q

type of endocytosis that involves the transport of large particles or whole cells

used by unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, to feed

A

phagocytosis

27
Q

the major type of lipid that have 2 fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol

A

phospholipid

28
Q

a universal component of all cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer

28
Q

optional structure of prokaryotes depending on the species

a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria

A

pilus

28
Q

a type of endocytosis that involves transport of dissolved particles and fluids

A

pinocytosis

28
Q

encloses every single cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

thin and flexible,but complex

enables the cell to take in food and nutrients and dispose of waste products

allows the cell to take in water

allows the cell to build and export molecules needed elsewhere in the body

mediates communications with the external enviroment and other cells , as well as adhesion to other cells and surfaces

controls the flow of molecules into and out of a cell

A

plasma membrane

28
Q

hydropohilic

interacts with water

A

polar

28
Q

unicellular organisms that are thought to have appeared about 3-5 billion years ago

ex: bacteria

A

prokaryote

28
Q

lack a nucleus and other internal membrance bound structures (organelles)

extremely diverse metabolisms

A

prokaryotic cell

28
Q

more specific type of endocytosis where receptor molecules on the surface of a cell recognize and bind to one specific type of molecule

ex: LDL

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

28
Q

part of the structure of prokaryotes

little granular bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm

responsible for protein production

A

ribosome

28
Q

a type of active transport in which there is no direct involvement of ATP

the transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient

A

secondary active transport

29
Q

type of diffusion that does not require energy

A

simple diffusion

29
Q

dissolves in the solvent

A

solute

29
Q

gas or liquid that dissolves the solute

A

solvent

29
Q

a protein attatched to the interior or exterior surface of the membrane

also known as peripheral proteins

A

surface protein

29
Q

the relationship between the concentration of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell

A

tonicity

29
Q

a protein embedded in the bilayer of the membrane

capable of extending to both the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell

also known as integral proteins

A

transmembrane protein

biology vocab (1 decks)

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