vocab Flashcards
the movement of substances spontaneously across a cell membrane without the use of energy; move with the concentration gradient
ex: diffusion and osmosis
active transport
the smallest unit that can function indepentently and perform all the necessary functions of life
cell
a unifying and universally accepted theory in biology stating that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
cell theory
an optional structure of prokaryotes depending on the species
protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell
cell wall
the organelle in plants where photosynthesis occurs
chloroplast
a lipid that helps the membrane maintain its flexibility bypreventing it from becoming too fluid or floppy at moderate temperatures, while also preventing it from becoming too rigid during freezing temperatures.
the amount of _________ varys depending on the type of cell
cholesterol
part of the structure of prokaryotes
the contents contained by the cell membrane
location of metabolic functions
cytoplasm
jelly-like fluid in the cytoplasm
cytosol
when a particle called a solute is dissolved in a solvent and moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower concentration, eventually resulting in an even distribution referred to as dynamic equalibrium
simplest type of passive transport
driven by the kinetic energy of the molecule
diffusion
the process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells
endocytosis
the _________ as it pertains to eukaryotic cells provides the best theory as to how eukaryotic cells came to be
states that two different prokaryotic cells may have established a close partnership with each other and a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell may have come to live inside a larger “host” prokaryote and that the photosynthetic prokaryote may have shared some of its energy created through photosynthesis. overtime, the two cells could have become dependent on each other until neither could live without the other and the became a single, more complex organism.
endosymbiosis theory
unicellular or multicellular organisms
ex: protists, fungi, plants, and animals
eukaryote
contains a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
usually much larger than prokaryotic cells
ex: every organism we see without a microscope is a _________ organism
eukaryotic cell
the process by which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents into the external enviroment
the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell
used to transport large proteins out of the cell as well as expel wastes or secrete hormones
exocytosis
when spontaneous diffusion requirs a transport protein
can be reduced or stopped
ex: cystinuria
facilitated dissfusion
describes the “fluid” structure of the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates found in the plasma membrane
fluid mosaic
the polar head of a phospholipid that orients close to water and allow the cell to interact with its watery enviroment
glycerol
polar
interacts with water
hydrophilic
nonpolar
does not interact with water
hydrophobic
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________
causes the cell to shrink as water leaves the cell
hypertonic
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the outside solution is ________
causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell
hypotonic
this theory states that the plasma membrane could have folded in on itself to form the inner compartments of the cell, which eventually became modifies and specialized
invagination
when the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell
isotonic
hydrophobic
does not interact with water
nonpolar
in a eukaryote: contains the DNA
nucleus
located in the cytoplasm
perform different functions
organelle
the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to equalize the concentration of water inside and outside of the cell
osmosis
the movement of substances spontaneously across a cell membrane without the use of energy
move with the concentration gradient
ex: diffusion and osmosis
passive transport
type of endocytosis that involves the transport of large particles or whole cells
used by unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, to feed
phagocytosis
the major type of lipid that have 2 fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol
phospholipid
a universal component of all cell membranes
phospholipid bilayer
optional structure of prokaryotes depending on the species
a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria
pilus
a type of endocytosis that involves transport of dissolved particles and fluids
pinocytosis
encloses every single cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
thin and flexible,but complex
enables the cell to take in food and nutrients and dispose of waste products
allows the cell to take in water
allows the cell to build and export molecules needed elsewhere in the body
mediates communications with the external enviroment and other cells , as well as adhesion to other cells and surfaces
controls the flow of molecules into and out of a cell
plasma membrane
hydropohilic
interacts with water
polar
unicellular organisms that are thought to have appeared about 3-5 billion years ago
ex: bacteria
prokaryote
lack a nucleus and other internal membrance bound structures (organelles)
extremely diverse metabolisms
prokaryotic cell
more specific type of endocytosis where receptor molecules on the surface of a cell recognize and bind to one specific type of molecule
ex: LDL
receptor mediated endocytosis
part of the structure of prokaryotes
little granular bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm
responsible for protein production
ribosome
a type of active transport in which there is no direct involvement of ATP
the transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient
secondary active transport
type of diffusion that does not require energy
simple diffusion
dissolves in the solvent
solute
gas or liquid that dissolves the solute
solvent
a protein attatched to the interior or exterior surface of the membrane
also known as peripheral proteins
surface protein
the relationship between the concentration of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell
tonicity
a protein embedded in the bilayer of the membrane
capable of extending to both the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell
also known as integral proteins
transmembrane protein
