Vocab Flashcards
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Net Ionic Equation
Includes only those compounds and ions that undergo a chemical change in a reaction in an aqueous solution.
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Spectator ions
Ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in a solution both before and after the reaction.
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Ionization
Ions are formed from solute molecules by the action of the solvent.
Strong electrolyte
Book: any compound of which all or almost of the dissolved compound exists as ions in an aqueous solution.
Notes: lots of ionization, very few unionized
Ex. Saltwater
Weak electrolyte
Book: a compound of which a relatively small amount of the dissolved compound exists as ions in an aqueous as ions in an aqueous solution.
Notes: little ionization takes place.
Ex. HC2H3O
Colligative Properties
Book: properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity.
Notes: depend only on concentration of the solution. Not the chemicals in the solution.
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Nonvolatile substance
One that had little tendency to become a gas under existing conditions.
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Molal freezing-point constant (Kf)
The freezing-point depression of the solvent in a 1- molal solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.
Freezing-point Depression
Book: the difference between the freezing points of the pure solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.
Notes: a solution will freez at a lower temperature than the pure solvent.
-always subtracting
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Molal boiling-point constant (Kb)
The boiling-point elevation of the solvent in a 1-molal solution of w nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.
Boiling-point Depression
The difference between the boiling points of the pure solvent and a nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.
-always an increase
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Semipermeable membrane
Allow the movement of some particles while blocking the movements of others.
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Osmosis
The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concentration.
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Osmotic pressure
The external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis.
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Binary acid
An acid that contains only two different elements: hydrogen and one of the more-electronegative elements.
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Oxyacid
An acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal.
Arrhenius Acid
Book: a chemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.
Notes: any chemical compound that forms a hydrogen ion in an aqueous solution or hydronium ion.
Arrhenius Base
Book: a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
Notes: any compound that produced hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
Strong acid
Book: one that ionizes completely in aqueous solution.
Notes: ionizes almost completely (strong electrolytes)
Weak acids
Book: Acids that are weak electrolytes. Don’t ionize completely.
Notes: ionizes only partially.
Alkaline
Book: when a base completely dissociates in water to yield aqueous OH- ions, the solution is referred
Notes: means base
Brønsted-Lowry acid
Book: a molecule or ion that is a proton donor
Notes: ??donates a proton
Brønsted-Lowry base
Book: a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor.
Notes:??accepts proton.
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Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction
Protons that are transferred from one reactant (the acid) to another (the base).
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Monoprotic acid
An acid that can donate only on proton per molecule.
Ex. HCl
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Polyprotic acid
Acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule.
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Diprotic acid
Can donate 2 protons per molecule.
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Triprotic acid
Able to donate 3 protons per molecule.
Conjugate base
Book: the species that remains after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton.
Notes: what remains after the acid donates a proton.
Conjugate acid
Book: the species that is formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base given a proton.
Notes: what is formed after a base accepts a proton.
Amphoteric
Book: any species that can react as either an acid or a base.
Notes: acid or base depending on conditions.
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Neutralization
The reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules.
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Salt
An ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.
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Lewis acid
An atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
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Lewis base
An atom, ion, or molecule that donated an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
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Lewis acid-base reaction
The formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron pair donor and an electron pair acceptor.
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Dissociation
Separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves.
