Vocab Flashcards
Civil rights
Protections against discrimination
Civil liberties
Personal freedoms
Clear and present danger doctrine
Judicial interpretation of amendment 1 that government may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society
De facto segregation
Segregation “by fact”
TRADITION
De jure segregation
Segregation by law
Double jeopardy
Being prosecuted twice for the same offense➡️ banned by 5th amendment
Due process clause
Prohibits the national gov and states from denying life, liberty, and property
Equal protection clause
14th amendment that prohibits states from denying equal protection under law
Eminent domain
The right the gov to take private property for the public good. With fair compensation
Establishment clause
Provisions of amendment 1 the prohibits congress from establishing an official state religion
(Separation of church and state)
Exclusionary clause
Supreme Court guideline that excludes the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial
Free exercise clause
Provision of amendment 1 stating that congress may not prohibit the free exercise of religion
Grandfather clause
Southern laws that excluded blacks from exercising suffrage by restricting the right to vote to only those whose grandfathers had before 1865
Grand jury
Determines whether or not to bring criminal charges against a suspect
Incorporation
Applying the bill of rights to the states
Total incorporation
The states must obey all the provisions of the bill of rights because of the due process clause of the 14th amendment
Selective incorporation
That the bill of rights is to be applied to the states in a more gradual manner or case be case basis
Indictment
Grand jury order that a suspect must stand trial for a criminal offense
Jim Crow laws
Southern laws that required racial segregation in public places
Libel
Written untruth that damage a reputation
Literacy test
Southern method of excluding blacks from voting by requiring voters prove their ability to read and write
Miranda warnings
Warnings that must be read to a suspect prior the questioning
Plea bargain
Arrangement in which suspect pleads guilty to a lesser offensive in order to avoid trial
Police powers
Powers that allow states to pass laws protecting the health, welfare, safety, and morals of their residents
Poll tax
Southern method of limiting blacks voting right by requiring payment
Prior restraint
When the court stops expression before it is made b/c it is presumed to be unconstitutional
Racial gerrymandering
Drawing district lines to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group.
Sedition
Advocacy of the overthrow of the government
Separate but equal
Supreme Court doctrine established by plessy v ferguson. Allowed racial segregation if the facilities were equal
Shield laws
State laws that protect journalist from having to reveal their source
Slander
Spoken untruths that damage a reputation
Strict scrutiny
Supreme Court guideline for determining if the gov can make racial distinctions
White primary
Primary election in which southern states allow led only whites to vote
