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Political Science > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

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0
Q

Collective action

A

An action taken by a group of like-minded individuals to achieve a common goal

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1
Q

Government

A

The institutions and procedures throughout people are ruled

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2
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

A situation in which two(or more) individuals cannot agree to cooperate out of fear that the other will find its interests best served by reneging on an agreement

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3
Q

Transaction costs

A

The cost associated doing political business reflected in time and effort required to compare preferences and negotiate compromises in making collective decisions

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4
Q

Conformity costs

A

Difference between a person would ideally prefer and what one would actually gets

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5
Q

Home rule

A

Power given by a state to a locality to enact legislation and manage its own affairs locally. Home rule also applies to Britain’s administration of the American colonies

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6
Q

Free riding

A

Receive benefits without working

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7
Q

Supremacy clause

A

National laws are supreme laws of the land & take precedence over any laws adopted in states- clause in article VI

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8
Q

Public goods

A

Goods that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone’s consumption

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9
Q

Unitary government

A

System of government in which a. Single government unit holds the power to govern the nation

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10
Q

Confederal government

A

State holds all power, state delegates some power out to central government

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11
Q

Federal government

A

Authority divided between central, state and local government

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12
Q

Reserve powers

A

Political power reserved for political authority

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13
Q

Elastic clause

A

Make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forgoing powers

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14
Q

Enumerated powers

A

Powers given by congress by constitution in article 1, section 8. Powers include: taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, provision for national defense

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15
Q

Preemption legislation

A

Laws passed by congress that override or preempt states or local policies, it is derived from supremacy clause

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16
Q

Grants-in-aid

A

Funds given by congress to state or local government for a specific purpose

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17
Q

Unfunded mandate

A

Regulation that requires state or local government to perform certain actions and gov will not provide money for actions

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18
Q

Civil rights

A

The powers that are conferred on citizens by the constitution and that entitle them to make claims upon the government
Ex) discriminatory treatment

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19
Q

Civil liberties

A

Legal protections from government interference with personal rights and freedoms such as freedom of assembly, speech, and religion

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20
Q

13th amendment

A

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States and was the first of three Reconstruction Amendments adopted in the five years following the American Civil War. The 13th Amendment, passed by Congress January 31, 1865, and ratified December 6, 1865, states:

  1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
  2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
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21
Q

14th amendment

A

Citizenship clause- clause gives individual born in the United States, but especially at that time, African Americans the right to citizenship.

Due Process Clause – the due process clause protects the 1st amendment rights of the people and prevents those rights from being taken away by any government without “due process.”

Equal Protection Clause – This part of the fourteenth amendment states that there may be no discrimination against them by the law.

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22
Q

15th amendment

A

The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the “right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

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23
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

A series of laws enacted in late nineteenth century by southern states to institute segregation.
Ex) white only accommodations

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24
Q

De Facto segregation

A

Segregation resulting from practice rather than law

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25
Q

De Jure segregation

A

Segregation enacted by law and imposed by the government

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26
Q

Equal protection clause

A

Equal Protection Clause – This part of the fourteenth amendment states that there may be no discrimination against them by the law.

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27
Q

Missouri compromise

A

Missouri Wanted admission as Slave state, allowed for free state

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28
Q

Suspect classification

A

Suspect-race
Non-suspect- group
Quasi-suspect- gender

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29
Q

Rational basis test

A

For non-suspects(group)

Assumes law us constitutional, proof is on plaintiff, not related to legitimate state interest

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30
Q

Strict scrutiny test

A

For suspect and quasi-suspect: assume law is not constitutional, burden of proof is on government

31
Q

19th amendment

A

Guarantees all women right to vote

32
Q

Selective incorporation

A

Supreme courts gradual process of assuming guardianship of civil liberties by applying piecemeal the various provisions of bill of rights to state laws and practices

33
Q

Total incorporation

A

14th amendment due process clause Embraces all guarantees stated in bills of rights and applies them to causes under state law

34
Q

Political speech

A

Freedom of expression

35
Q

Obscenity

A

Defined as publicly offensive acts or language, usually of a sexual nature, with no social value

36
Q

Roth v. Us (1957)

A

Average person applying, contemporary community standards, appeals to the prurient interests, work seen as a whole

37
Q

Miller v. Ca (1973)

A

Whether work describes things in offensive way, sexual conduct
Defined by state law
Whether it lacks artistic, literary, political, scientific value

38
Q

Libel

A

A published falsehood or statement resulting in the defamation of someone’s character
Prohibited by first amendment

39
Q

Slander

A

Form of false and malicious information that damages another persons reputation

40
Q

Establishment of religion clause

A

The first clause prohibits national government from establishing a national religion

41
Q

Free exercise clause

A

The second clause of first amendment which forbids the national government from interfering with exercise of religion

42
Q

Exclusionary rule

A

A judicial rule prohibiting the police from using at trial evidence obtained through illegal search and seizure

43
Q

Miranda rights

A

Requirement that police informs suspects that they have right to stay silent and a right to have counsel while being interrogated

44
Q

Right to privacy

A

Not explicitly said in bill or rights or constitution

Has been recognized by legal jurists

45
Q

Bicameralism

A

A legislature composed of two houses or chambers. The US Congress(house and senate) and every US state legislature

46
Q

Filibuster

A

Individuals hold floor making endless speeches so that no action can be taken on a bill

47
Q

Districts

A

Congressional districts

48
Q

Reapportionment

A

House seats may be apportioned after each census but each state draws the lines that divide its territory into the requisite number of districts

49
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Drawing legislative districts in such a way as to give one political party a disproportionately large share of seats for the shade of up votes it’s candidates get

50
Q

Casework

A

The activity undertaken by members of congress and their staffs to solve constituents problems with government agencies

51
Q

Pork barrel legislation

A

Legislation that provides members of congress with federal projects and programs for their individual districts

52
Q

Cloture

A

A parliamentary procedure used to close debate. Used in filibusters. 3/5 of senate must vote cloture to end filibuster

53
Q

Executive orders

A

A presidential directive to an executive agency establishing new policies or indicating how an existing policy is to be carried out

54
Q

Divided government

A

Government when one political party controls the executive branch and the other political party controls one or both the houses

55
Q

Spoils system

A

System where newly elected office holders award gov jobs to political supporters and members of same political party

56
Q

Cabinet

A

Formal group of presidential advisers who head he major departments and agencies of the federal government. Chosen by president and approved tv senate

57
Q

New deal program

A

Created by president Roosevelt (1933-1941)
Helped economic management during Great Depression
Ex) social security

58
Q

Great society program

A

Lyndon Johnson
Ex) Medicaid
To qualify for funding, you must comply with guidelines on how funds must be spent

59
Q

Civil rights act

A

1964: authorized end of segregation by Lyndon Johnson

60
Q

Voting rights act

A

Suspended electoral tests to vote-1965

61
Q

1st amendment

A

The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference

62
Q

2nd amendment

A

The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.

63
Q

4th amendment

A

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized

64
Q

5th amendment

A

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

65
Q

6th amendment

A

guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you. It has been most visibly tested in a series of cases involving terrorism, but much more often figures in cases that involve (for example) jury selection or the protection of witnesses, including victims of sex crimes as well as witnesses in need of protection from retaliation.

66
Q

8th amendment

A

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

67
Q

Executive agreement

A

executive agreement, an agreement between the United States and a foreign government that is less formal than a treaty and is not subject to the constitutional requirement for ratification by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate.

68
Q

Executive privilege

A

The right of the president of the United States to withhold information from Congress or the courts.

69
Q

Statutory delegation

A

is a body set up by law which is authorised to enforce legislation on behalf of the relevant country or state.

70
Q

Independent executive agencies

A

Non-cabinet agency: executive agencies are placed outside department for political reasons: presidents promote new initiatives that demand quick action while avoiding bureaucracy agencies
Ex) JFK creation of NASA

71
Q

Independent regulatory communions

A

Designed to maintain their Independence from the president and the executive departments. Attempts to hedge political costs of delegation by restricting influence of presidents and party politics

72
Q

Independent government corporations

A

Gov corps can buy and sell property, lend and borrow money, and be sued
Ex) post office

73
Q

22nd amendment

A

No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than onc

74
Q

25th amendment

A

In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President

75
Q

War powers act 1973

A

Law requires president to inform congress within 48 hours of commuting troops abroad in military action

Political Science (1 decks)

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