Vocab Flashcards
Define DNA
The nucleic acid that contains all genetic information for a cell
Define cell
The basic unit of life
Define double helix
The shape of DNA that resembles a spiral staircase or a twisted ladder.
Organelle
Subcellular structures
Nucleus
The organelle that controls the cell by producing proteins and contains all genetic material
Define Nucleic Acid
The building block of living organisms that passes genetic information from one generation to the next.
Cell wall
Cells structure found outside the cell membrane in planets,algae,fungi,and some bacteria that provides support and protection
Nucleotide
A monomer of nucleic acid;consisting of sugar,phosphate,and a nitrogen base.
Cell membrane
Cell structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Ribosomes
A cell organelle that makes protein
Define hypothesis
The proposed scientific explanation for a set
Of observation
Define theory
an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time
Define control group
A group of subjects closely resembling the experimental group
Define Stimulus
Any physical or chemical input that is sensed
Define experimental group
A group of subjects which receive the factor under study
Define element
A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
Define molecule
A group of atoms bonded together forming the smallest fundmental unit of pure substance
Define isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Define chemical bonding
An attraction between two or more atoms resulting in the formation of different chemical substances
Define chemical reaction
Changes in chemical substances involving bond breaking and or bond forming resulting in different chemical substances
Define ion
A positively or negatively charged atom
Define ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons from one atom to another
Define covalent bond
Forms when electrons are shared between atoms
Carbohydrate
The molecule that is the major source of energy for an organism.
Glucose
The monomer of carbohydrate(sugar)
Protein
The molecule needed by organisms for growth and repair
Amino acid
The monomer of protein
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up biological reactions
Solvent
The substance in which the solute dissolves in a solution
Define valence electrons
The electrons in the outer shell or engery level that are available for bonding
Chloroplast
The organelle found in some organisms that carries out photosynthesis.
Vacuole
The organelle that is used to store materials
Cellular transport
The movement of materials into,out of,or within of a cell
Passive transport
Type of cell transport that does not require energy
Diffusion
The movement of particles moves from an area of higher concentration to an area lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Active transport
Type of cell transport that does require energy
Cellular respiration
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
Photosynthesis
The process by which planets and some organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose
Protein synthesis
The process of making proteins
Cell division
The process by which a divides into two new daughter cells
Mitosis
The process by which the nucleus is divided in two identical nuclei
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
Genetics variation
The tendency of individual genetic characteristics in a population to differ from one another
Gene
Th chemical factor that determines a trait
Mutation
Any change in DNA
Alleles
The alternate forms of a gene
Homozygous
An organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait
Heterozygous
An organism with two different alleles for particular trait
Punnet square
A tool used to predict outcomes in genetics
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism based on alleles inherited
Phenotype
A physical characteristics of an organsim
Inheritance
The passing of genetic material from parent to offspring
Trait
Any specific characteristic of an individual
Recombination
The formation of new and different sets of chromosomes or genes
Meiosis
The process that makes make the sex cells by reducing the chromosome number in half
Fertilization
The joining of male and female reproductive cells to produce a new organism
Gamete
The term for sex cells,egg and sperm
Biological evolution
The descent with modification of organism for common ancestors
Natural selection
The process by which individuals that are better suited to their environmental survive and reproduce most successfully
Adaptations
The inherited traits that increases an organisms an organisms chance of survival
Behavioral adaptation
A type of adaptation that affects the behavior of an animal
Physiological adaptation
A type of adaptation that effects the function of an organism
Morphological adaptations
A type of adaptation that affects the structure of an organism
Fossil
The preserved remaind of animted organisms
Fossil record
A collection of preserved oraganisms or their traces stored in earth
Radioactive dating
The method of cal calculating the absolute age of rocks
Biological diversity
The variety of organisms in the biosphere
Ecology
The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms in their non-living environment
Biosphere
The portion of the plant in which all life exist
Species
A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
Population
A group of individuals that Belong to the same species and live in the same area
Community
Two or more different that live in a defined area
Ecosystem
A collection of all organisms that live in a particular place together with the non-living environment
Biome
A group of ecosystem that have the same climate and dominant organisms
Autotrophs
An organism that can make its own food internally
Heterotroph
An organism that relies on other organisms for energy and food supply
Food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eating
Food web
Links all the food chains in the ecosystem together
Bio geochemical cycle
A cycle by which materials necessary for organisms are circulated between organisms and through the environment
Environmental quality
The state of environmental conditions
Transpiration
The evaporation of water from leaves to plant
Nitrogen fixation
The conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria living in the soil
Symbiosis
any relationship in which two species live together
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which two species live together
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and causes it no harm
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism live on or inside another organism and causes it harm
Cytoroplast
The fluid portion of a cells interior
Selectively permeable
A property of biological membranes that allows some substance to pass across,while others cannot
Mitochondria
A cell organelle that converts food into cell energy
Metabolism
A set of chemical reactions in the cells of living organisms to sustain life
Eukaryotic
A cell that contains a nucleus
Solute
The substance that is dissolved Ina solution
Define ph
The measure or alkalinity of a solution
Define acid
A substance that dissolves in water to release a hydrogen ion h+
Define base
a substance that dissolves in water to release to release hydroxide ion oh
Define electron
The negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of an atom
Define neutron
The particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
Define proton
The positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Define Atom
The basic unit of matter
