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Disease Detectives > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

a factor (e.g., a microorganism or chemical substance) or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health outcome

A

agent

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1
Q

any of a variety of proteins in the blood that are produced in response to an antigen as an immune response

A

antibody

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2
Q

any substance (e.g., a toxin or the surface of a microorganism or transplanted organ) recognized as foreign by the human body and that stimulates the production of antibodies

A

antigen

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3
Q

any of a group of viruses that are transmitted between hosts by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods

A

arbovirus

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4
Q

the statistical relation between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables

A

association

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5
Q

a form of incidence that measures the proportion of persons in a population who experience an acute health event during a limited period (e.g., during an outbreak), calculated as the number of new cases of a health problem during an outbreak divided by the size of the population at the beginning of the period, usually expressed as a percentage or per 1,000 or 100,000 population

A

attack rate

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6
Q

a measure of the frequency of new cases of a disease among the contacts of known patients

A

secondary attack rate

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7
Q

systematic difference in the collection of data regarding the participants in a study (e.g., about exposures in a case-control study, or about health outcomes in a cohort study) that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference

A

information bias

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8
Q

systematic difference in the enrollment of participants in a study that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference

A

selection bias

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9
Q

having two data peaks

A

bimodal

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10
Q

a person or animal that harbors the infectious agent for a disease and can transmit it to others, but does not demonstrate signs of the disease

A

carrier

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11
Q

an instance of a particular disease, injury, or other health conditions that meets selected criteria

A

case

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12
Q

a set of uniformly applied criteria for determining whether a person should be identified as having a particular disease, injury, or other health condition

A

case definition

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13
Q

the proportion of persons with a particular condition (e.g., patients) who die from that condition

A

case-fatality rate

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14
Q

the first case or instance of a patient coming to the attention of health authorities

A

index case

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15
Q

the case or instance of a patient responsible for transmitting infection to others; the instance of a patient who gives rise to an outbreak or epidemic

A

source case

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16
Q

the enumeration of an entire population, usually including details on residence, age, sex, occupation, racial/ethnic group, marital status, birth history, and relationship to the head of household

A

census

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17
Q

the progression of an infectious agent that leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by a mode of transmission, and then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host

A

chain of infection

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18
Q

the medical features (e.g., symptoms, medical examination findings, and laboratory results) that are used in a case definition

A

clinical criteria

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19
Q

a disease that has been manifested by its symptoms and features

A

clinical disease

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20
Q

an aggregation of cases of a disease, injury, or other health condition in a circumscribed area during a particular period without regard to whether the number of cases is more than expected

A

cluster

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21
Q

a range of values for a measure (e.g., rate or odds ratio) constructed so that the range has a specified probability (often, but not necessarily, 95%) of including the true value of the measure

A

confidence interval

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22
Q

the distortion of the association between an exposure and a health outcome by a third variable that is related to both

A

confounding

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23
Q

exposure or transmission of an agent from a source to a susceptible host through touching (e.g., from a human host by kissing, sexual intercourse, or skin-to-skin contact) or from touching an infected animal or contaminated soil or vegetation

A

direct contact

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24
Q

capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity

A

contagious

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25
Q

a two-variable table of cross-tabulated data

A

contingency table

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26
Q

the number of deaths attributed to a particular disease, injury, or other health condition during a specified period, divided by the number of new cases of that disease, injury, or condition identified during the same period

A

death to case ratio

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27
Q

application of quantitative methods to decision-making

A

decision analysis

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28
Q

personal characteristics of a person or group (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity, residence, and occupation)

A

demographic information

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29
Q

any factor that brings about change in a health condition or in other defined characteristics

A

determinant

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30
Q

association between an exposure and health outcome that varies in a consistently increasing or decreasing fashion as the amount of exposure increases

A

dose response

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31
Q

the direct transmission of an infectious agent by means of the aerosols produced in sneezing, coughing, or talking that travel only a short distance before falling to the ground

A

droplet spread

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32
Q

the constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population; can also refer to the usual prevalence of an agent or condition

A

endemic

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33
Q

an extrinsic factor (e.g., geology, climate, insects, sanitation, or health services) that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure

A

environmental factor

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34
Q

the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a particular period

A

epidemic

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35
Q

a histogram that displays the course of an outbreak or epidemic by plotting the number of cases according to time of onset

A

epidemic curve

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36
Q

the traditional model of infectious disease causation having three components: an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together so that disease occurs

A

epidemiologic triad

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37
Q

the study of the distribution and determinants of health conditions or events among populations and the application of that study to control health problems

A

epidemiology

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38
Q

the aspect of epidemiology concerned with why and how a health problem occurs

A

analytic epidemiology

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39
Q

the application or practice of epidemiology to control and prevent health problems

A

applied epidemiology

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40
Q

the aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing and summarizing data regarding the persons affected (e.g., the characteristics of those who became ill), time (e.g., when they become ill), and place (e.g., where they might have been exposed to the cause of illness)

A

descriptive epidemiology

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41
Q

having come into contact with a cause of, or possessing a characteristic that is a determinant of, a particular health problem

A

exposure

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42
Q

a negative test result for a person who actually has the condition similarly, a person who has the disease (perhaps mild or variant) but who does not fit the case definition, or a patient or outbreak not detected by a surveillance system

A

false-negative

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43
Q

a positive test result for a person who actually does not have the condition. Similarly, a person who does not have the disease but who nonetheless fits the case definition, or a patient or outbreak erroneously identified by a surveillance system

A

false-positive

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44
Q

an inanimate object that can be the vehicle for transmission of an infectious agent (e.g., bedding, towels, or surgical instruments)

A

fomite

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45
Q

any of a variety of measures (e.g., mortality rate) that indicate the state of health of a given population

A

health indicator

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46
Q

the observation that employed persons generally have lower mortality rates than the general population, because persons with severe, disabling disease (who have higher mortality rates) tend to be excluded from the workforce

A

healthy worker effect

47
Q

a group of persons whose risk for a particular disease, injury, or other health condition is greater than that of the rest of their community or population

A

high-risk group

48
Q

HIPAA

A

the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, enacted in 1996, which addresses the privacy of a person’s medical information as well as postemployment insurance and other health-related concerns

49
Q

a person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions

A

host

50
Q

an intrinsic factor (e.g., age, race/ethnicity, sex, or behaviors) that influences a person’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to an agent

A

host factor

51
Q

the constant presence at high incidence and prevalence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population

A

hyperendemic

52
Q

resistance developed in response to an antigen (i.e., an infecting agent or vaccine), usually characterized by the presence of antibody produced by the host

A

active immunity

53
Q

the resistance to an infectious agent of an entire group or community (and, in particular, protection of susceptible persons) as a result of a substantial proportion of the population being immune to the agent

A

herd immunity

54
Q

immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host This type of immunity can be acquired naturally by an infant from its mother or artificially by administration of an antibody-containing preparation (e.g., antiserum or immune globulin)

A

passive immunity

55
Q

a measure of the frequency with which new cases of illness, injury, or other health condition occurs among a population during a specified period

A

incidence

56
Q

the time interval from exposure to an infectious agent to the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease

A

incubation period

57
Q

invasion of the body tissues of a host by an infectious agent, whether or not it causes disease

A

infection

58
Q

the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected

A

infectivity

59
Q

the separation of infected persons to prevent transmission to susceptible ones

A

isolation

60
Q

a type of epidemiologic database, organized similar to a spreadsheet with rows and columns in which information from cases or patients are listed each column represents a variable, and each row represents an individual case or patient

A

line listing

61
Q

a quantified relationship between exposure and a particular health problem (e.g., risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio.)

A

measure of association

62
Q

the manner in which an agent is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host (see also transmission)

A

mode of transmission

63
Q

any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological health and well-being

A

morbidity

64
Q

a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death among a defined population during a specified time interval

A

mortality rate

66
Q

NHANES

A

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, designed to (1) estimate the proportion of the US population and designated groups with selected disease and risk factors; (2) monitor trends in selected behaviors, exposures, and diseases; and (3) study the associations among diet, nutrition, and health

67
Q

a distribution represented as a bell shape, symmetrical on both sides of the peak, which is simultaneously the mean, median, and mode, and with both tails extending to infinity

A

normal distribution

68
Q

a disease that, by law, must be reported to public health authorities upon diagnosis

A

notifiable disease

69
Q

a measure of association used in comparative studies, particularly case-control studies, that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome; also called the cross-product ratio

A

odds ratio

70
Q

the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period

A

outbreak

71
Q

an outbreak that results from persons being exposed to the same harmful influence (e.g., an infectious agent or toxin). The exposure period can be brief or can extend over days, weeks, or longer, with the exposure being either intermittent or continuous

A

common-source outbreak

72
Q

a common source outbreak in which the exposure period is relatively brief so that all cases occur within one incubation period

A

point-source outbreak

73
Q

an outbreak that spreads from person to person rather than from a common source

A

propagated outbreak

74
Q

an epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents) and usually affecting a substantial proportion of the population

A

pandemic

75
Q

the ability of an agent to cause disease after infection, measured as the proportion of persons infected by an agent who then experience clinical disease.

A

pathogenicity

76
Q

a pathway into the host that gives an agent access to tissue that will allow it to multiply or act

A

portal of entry

77
Q

a pathway by which an agent can leave its host

A

portal of exit

78
Q

the proportion of cases identified by a test, reported by a surveillance system, or classified by a case definition that are true cases, calculated as the number of true-positives divided by the number of true-positives plus false-positives

A

predictive value positive

79
Q

the number or proportion of cases or events or attributes among a given population

A

prevalence

80
Q

a set of regulations based on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information

A

privacy rule

81
Q

a general term for measures of association calculated from the data in a two-by-two table, including risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio

A

relative risk

82
Q

the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies, which can include humans, animals, or the environment

A

reservoir

83
Q

the probability that an event will occur (e.g., that a person will be affected by, or die from, an illness, injury, or other health condition within a specified time or age span)

A

risk

84
Q

a sample of persons chosen in such a way that each one has the same (and known) probability of being selected

A

random sample

85
Q

a sample whose characteristics correspond to those of the original or reference population

A

representative sample

86
Q

change in physiologic status or in the occurrence of a disease, chronic condition, or type of injury that conforms to a regular seasonal pattern

A

seasonality

87
Q

the ability of a test, case definition, or surveillance system to identify true cases; the proportion of people with a health condition (or the proportion of outbreaks) that are identified by a screening test or case definition (or surveillance system)

A

sensitivity

88
Q

the ability or a test, case definition, or surveillance system to exclude persons without the health condition of interest; the proportion of persons without a health condition that are correctly identified as such by a screening test, case definition, or surveillance system

A

specificity

89
Q

the range of manifestations a disease process can take (e.g., from asymptomatic to mild clinical illness to severe illness and death)

A

spectrum of illness

90
Q

a study, usually observational, in which groups are compared to identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, and identify causes. Two common types are cohort studies and case-control studies

A

analytic study

91
Q

an observational analytic study that enrolls one group of persons with a certain disease, chronic condition, or type of injury (case-patients) and a group of persons without the health problem (control subjects) and compares differences in exposures, behaviors, and other characteristics to identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, and identify causes

A

case-control study

92
Q

an observational analytic study in which enrollment is based on status of exposure to a certain factor or membership in a certain group. Populations are followed, and disease, death, or other health-related outcomes are documented and compared

A

cohort study

93
Q

a study in which a sample of persons from a population are enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously; a survey

A

cross-sectional study

94
Q

an analytic study in which participants are enrolled before the health outcome of interest has occurred

A

prospective study

95
Q

an analytic study in which participants are enrolled after the health outcome of interest has occurred. Case-control studies

A

retrospective study

96
Q

without apparent symptoms

A

subclinical

97
Q

public health surveillance in which the health agency solicits reports

A

active surveillance

98
Q

monitoring of a person who might have been exposed to an infectious, chemical, radiologic, or other potentially causal agent, for the purpose of detecting early symptoms

A

medical surveillance

99
Q

public health surveillance in which data are sent to the health agency without prompting

A

passive surveillance

100
Q

a surveillance system that uses a prearranged sample of sources (e.g., physicians, hospitals, or clinics) who have agreed to report all cases of one or more notifiable diseases

A

sentinel surveillance

101
Q

the monitoring of the frequency of illnesses with a specified set of clinical features among a given population without regard to the specific diagnoses, if any, that are assigned to them by clinicians

A

syndromic surveillance

102
Q

a systematic canvassing of persons to collect information, often from a representative sample of the population

A

survey

103
Q

a combination of symptoms characteristic of a disease or health condition; sometimes refers to a health condition without a clear cause

A

syndrome

104
Q

any indication of disease noticed or felt by a patient

A

symptom

105
Q

transfer of an agent suspended in the air, considered a type of indirect transmission

A

airborne transmission

106
Q

indirect transmission by a vector in which the infectious agent undergoes biologic changes inside the vector as part of its life cycle before it is transmitted to the host

A

biologic transmission

107
Q

transmission of an agent by a living intermediary; indirect

A

vectorborne transmission

108
Q

transmission of an agent by an inanimate object; considered a type of indirect transmission; includes foodborne and waterborne transmission

A

vehicleborne transmission

109
Q

an experimental study that uses data from individual persons. The investigator specifies the type of exposure for each study participant and then follows each person’s health status to determine the effects of the exposure

A

clinical trial

110
Q

an experimental study that uses data from communities. The investigator specifies the type of exposure for each community and then follows the communities’ health status to determine the effects of the exposure

A

community trial

111
Q

a clinical trial in which persons are randomly assigned to exposure or treatment groups

A

randomized clinical trial

112
Q

the ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die

A

virulence

113
Q

a measure of the impact of premature death on a population, calculated as the sum of the differences between a predetermined minimally acceptable age (e.g., 65 years or current life expectancy) and the age at death for everyone who died earlier than that age

A

years of potential life lost (YPLL)

114
Q

an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans

A

zoonosis

169
Q

NCHS

A

The National Center for Health Statistics, the US governmental organization responsible for national vital statistics and multiple national health surveys.

Disease Detectives (1 decks)

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