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Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organism

A 
Anything that has had all these characteristics:
Made of one or more cells
Displays organization
Grows and develops
Reproduces
Responds to stimuli
Requires energy
Maintains homeostasis
Adaptations evolve over time
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2
Q

Organization

A

Cells arranged in an orderly way

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3
Q

Growth

A

Addition of mass to an organism, and formation of new cells and structures

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4
Q

Development

A

Process of natural changes that take place during the life of an organism

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

Production of offspring

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6
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can breed with another organism and produce fertile offspring.

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Part of the environment that causes any reaction

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8
Q

Response

A

Reaction to a stimulus

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of an organisms internal conditions to maintain life

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10
Q

Biology

A

Study of life

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

Any inherited characteristic which results from changes to a species over time

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12
Q

Science

A

Body of knowledge based on the study of nature

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13
Q

Theory

A

Explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observations and experiments

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14
Q

Peer Review

A

Process in which the procedures and results of an experiment are evaluated by other scientists in the same field

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15
Q

Metric System

A

Units with divisions of powers of ten

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16
Q

SI

A

International System of Units

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17
Q

Forensics

A

Applies science to legal intrest

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18
Q

Ethics

A

Set of moral principles or values

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19
Q

Observation

A

Direct method of gathering information in an orderly way

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20
Q

Inferences

A

Process of combining what is known, with what is learned, to draw logical conclusions

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21
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Observe and record data
Conclusion
Apply
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22
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable explanation of a situation

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23
Q

Serendipity

A

Occurrence of accidental or unexpected but fortunate results

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24
Q

Experiment

A

Investigation of a phenomenon in a controlled setting to test a hypothesis

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25
Q

Control Group

A

Group used for comparison

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26
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group being tested

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27
Q

Independent Variable

A

Tested factor that could affect the outcome of the experiment

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28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Depends on the independent variable

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29
Q

Constant

A

The factor that doesn’t change; remains fixed; the same

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30
Q

Data

A

Information gained from observations

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31
Q

Safety Symbol

A

Logo designed to alert about specific danger

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32
Q

Atoms

A

Building blocks of matter

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33
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of atom: where protons and neutrons are located

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34
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles

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35
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus

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36
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that can’t be broken down by physical or chemical means

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37
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

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38
Q

Compound

A

Pure substance formed with the combining of two or more different elements

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39
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing of two electrons

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40
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms

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41
Q

Molecule

A

Compounds in which the atoms are covalently held together

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42
Q

Ion

A

The loss or gain of electrons which carries an electric charge

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43
Q

van der Waals forces

A

Attractive forces between positive and negative regions which pull on the molecules and hold them together; named after Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals who first described the phenomenon

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44
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

When a substance changes form; atoms are reorganized into different substances

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45
Q

Reactants

A

Original substances

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46
Q

Products

A

Outcome, or the substances formed from the reactants during the reaction

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47
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

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48
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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49
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalyst that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes

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50
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants that bind to the enzyme

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51
Q

Active Site

A

The location where the substrate binds to the enzyme

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52
Q

Polar Molecules

A

Oppositely charged regions

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53
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak interaction involving hydrogen atoms, fluorine, oxygen, or a nitrogen atom

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54
Q

Mixture

A

Heterogeneous mixture; combination of two or more substances in which each substance maintains it’s characteristics and properties; don’t mix

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55
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture; mix well

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56
Q

Solvent

A

Substance doing the dissolving

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57
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in the solvent

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58
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release hydrogen atoms; base of below 7

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59
Q

Bases

A

Substances that release hydroxide ions; base of higher than 7

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60
Q

pH

A

The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution

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61
Q

Buffers

A

Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH withing a certain range

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62
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules formed by the joining of smaller organic molecules

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63
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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64
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; ratio of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom

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65
Q

Lipids

A

Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen that make up fats, oils, and waxes

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66
Q

Protein

A

Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

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67
Q

Amino Acids

A

Small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur; share the same general stucture

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68
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

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69
Q

Nucleotides

A

Smaller repeating subunits composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and hydrogen atoms making up Nucleic acids

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70
Q

Cell

A

Make up all living organisms

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71
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells make up all living things
  3. Cells arise from only preexisting cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells
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72
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell

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73
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures that carry out specific funtions

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74
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes; AKA membrane bound organelles

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75
Q

Cell Nucleus

A

Distinct central organelle that contains the DNA of the cell

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76
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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77
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Membrane allows some certain substances to pass through but keeping others out

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78
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipids are arranged tail to tail

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79
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane which contribute to selective permeability

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80
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

When the phospholipids in the bilayer create a “sea” in which all other molecules can float

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81
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Environment inside the plasma membrane

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82
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supporting network of protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and act as an anchor for the organelles inside the cells

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83
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles that help manufacture proteins

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84
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production located in the nucleus

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85
Q

(ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serve as the site for protein and lipid synthesis

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86
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles

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87
Q

Vacuole

A

Sac used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by a cell

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88
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain substances which digest excess or worn out organelles and food particles

89
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelles made of microtubules that funtion during cell division

90
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy generators; convert fuel particles into usable energy

91
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis

92
Q

Cell Wall

A

Thick, rigid, mesh of fibers surrounding the outside of the plasma membrane, protecting the cell and giving it support

93
Q

Cilia

A

Short, numerous projections looking like hairs

94
Q

Flagella

A

Longer than Cilia and less numerous

95
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of areas of many particles to areas of fewer particles; basically movement from high to low concentration of particles

96
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Continuous movement but no overall change

97
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane

98
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

99
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Same concentration of water and solutes as its cytoplasm

100
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Lower concentration of solute than its cytoplasm

101
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Concentration of solute is higher outside than it is on the inside

102
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration

103
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process by which a cell surrounds a substance from the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane

104
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secreation of materials at the plasma membrane

105
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

106
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

107
Q

Metabolism

A

Cells chemical reactions

108
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell

109
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

110
Q

(ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy

111
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened saclike membranes arranged in stacks

112
Q

Grana

A

Thylakoid stacks

113
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled space outside the grana

114
Q

PIgments

A

Light absorbing molecules; located in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

115
Q

NADP+

A

Electron carrier

116
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Second phase of Photosynthesis in which energy is stored in the organic molecule of glucose; AKA light independent reactions

117
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme that converts remaining G3P molecules into carbon molecules called ribulose; last stage in Calvin Cycle

118
Q

Anaerobic Processes

A

Don’t require oxygen

119
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Krebs cycle and electron transport and is an aerobic process

120
Q

Aerobic Processes

A

Require oxygen

121
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm

122
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide

123
Q

Fermentation

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell’s supply of NAD+ while producing small amounts of ATP; the anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis

124
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Reproduction of cells

125
Q

Interphase

A

Stage during which cells grow, carry out cellular functions, and replicate DNA

126
Q

Mitosis

A

Stage during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide

127
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides making a new cell

128
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that contain the genetic material passed from generation to generation of cells

129
Q

Chromatin

A

Relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus

130
Q

Prophase

A

First and longest stage of mitosis

131
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Structures that contain identical copies of DNA

132
Q

Centromere

A

Structure at center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached

133
Q

Spindle apparatus

A

Whole structure including: the spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers

134
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis

135
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis

136
Q

Telophase

A

Last stage of mitosis

137
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that bind to enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases

138
Q

Cylcin-dependent Kinases

A

Cyclins bind to them and in the stages of interphase and mitosis, start the various activities that take place in the cell cycle

139
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells

140
Q

Carcinogens

A

Cancer causing substances and agents

141
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

142
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

143
Q

Genes

A

DNA on chromosomes that control the production of proteins

144
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that make up a pair; one chromosome from each parent

145
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes

146
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with (n) number of chromosomes

147
Q

Diploid

A

Cell with (2n) number of chromosomes

148
Q

Fertilization

A

When one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete

149
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes

150
Q

Crossing Over

A

Process during which chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes

151
Q

Genetics

A

Science of heredity

152
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a singe gene

153
Q

Dominant

A

The apparent trait

154
Q

Recessive

A

The masked/hidden trait

155
Q

Homozygous

A

Organism with the same alleles

156
Q

Heterozygous

A

Organism with two different alleles

157
Q

Genotype

A

An organisms allele pairs

158
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristic or outward appearance of an allele pair

159
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

160
Q

Hybrids

A

Heterozygous organisms

161
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

During gamete formation, random distribution of alleles occur

162
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

New combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment

163
Q

Polyploidy

A

Occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism

164
Q

Carrier

A

Individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder

165
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations

166
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes

167
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition

168
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than two alleles

169
Q

Epistasis

A

One allele hiding the effects of another allele

170
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determines an individual’s gender; contains 46 chromosomes; 23 from mom, 23 from dad

171
Q

Autosomes

A

Other 22 pairs of chromosomes compared to sex chromosomes

172
Q

Linked Traits

A

Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome; AKA X-linked traits

173
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

Phenotypic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes

174
Q

Karyotype

A

Micrograph showing pairs of homologous chromosomes arranged in decreasing size

175
Q

Telomeres

A

Chromosomes that end in protective caps

176
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Cell division where sister chromatids fail to separate properly

177
Q

Double Helix

A

Twisted ladder shape formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other

178
Q

Nucleosome

A

Phosphate groups in DNA that create a negative charge which attracts the DNA to the positively charged histone proteins

179
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

180
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand

181
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

AKA lagging strand; the DNA draws away from the replication fork and is synthesized discontinuously into smaller segments

182
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose; uracil replaces thymine and usually is single stranded

183
Q

(mRNA) Messenger RNA

A

Molecules are long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA

184
Q

(rRNA) Ribosomal RNA

A

Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm

185
Q

(tRNA) Transfer RNA

A

Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome

186
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of mRNA from DNA; first step of the central dogma

187
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis and binds to a specific region where a mRNA will be synthesized

188
Q

Introns

A

Intervening sequences that interrupt the DNA code periodically and aren’t in the final mRNA

189
Q

Exons

A

The coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA as opposed to Introns

190
Q

Codon

A

Three base code in DNA or mRNA

191
Q

Translation

A

Where the mRNA code is read and translated to make a protein

192
Q

Gene Regulation

A

Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribe in response to the environment

193
Q

Operon

A

Section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway

194
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in a cell’s DNA

195
Q

Mutagens

A

Substances that cause mutations

196
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Process in which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations

197
Q

Inbreeding

A

Two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits while also eliminating the unwanted ones in future generations

198
Q

Test Cross

A

Breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait

199
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism

200
Q

Genome

A

Total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell

201
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence

202
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Electric current used to separate DNA fragments according to their size

203
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources resulting from Gel Electrophoresis

204
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells can be used as vectors because they can be cut with restriction enzymes.

205
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Joins the two DNA fragments chemically; enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and replication

206
Q

Transformation

A

Bacterial cells mix with recombinant plasmid DNA to make large quantities of recombinant plasmid DNA

207
Q

Cloning

A

Copies of DNA through cell replication

208
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

Can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment

209
Q

Transgenic Organisms

A

Organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism

210
Q

DNA Fingerprinting

A

Separating genome DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis to observe the distinct banding patterns unique to every individual

211
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Creating and maintaining databases of biological information

212
Q

DNA Microarras

A

Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips spotted with DNA fragments

213
Q

(SNPs) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

A

Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered

214
Q

Haplotypes

A

Linked variations in the human genome

215
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

Study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs

216
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases

217
Q

Genomics

A

Study of an organisms’s genome

218
Q

Proteomics

A

Large scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body

Biology Final (2 decks)

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