Vocab Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
accord
A
a formal agreement
2
Q
accountable
A
answerable to someone for your actions; observable, transparent
3
Q
affirm
A
to validate and express commitment to something
4
Q
Anglophone
A
a person whose first language is English
5
Q
annuity
A
an annual payment
6
Q
assimilate
A
become part of a different cultural group
7
Q
assimilation
A
the process of becoming part of a different cultural group (not your own)
8
Q
autonomy
A
authority to make decisions
9
Q
bias
A
an opinion based on unchallenged assumptions
10
Q
biodiversity
A
the number and variety of plant and animal species on Earth, including genetic variation within individual species
11
Q
black market
A
another term for underground economy
12
Q
boycott
A
a decision by consumers to stop buying a product or service as a way to bring about change
13
Q
civil servants
A
the people who serve Canadians as employees of the government
14
Q
climate change
A
a rise in the average temperature of Earth, primarily caused by emissions from burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas
15
Q
collective bargaining
A
negotiating as a group. Collective bargaining is the key right established by unions for workers.
16
Q
collective identity
A
the shared identity of a group of people, especially because of a common language and culture
17
Q
collective rights
A
rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical and constitutional reasons. These groups are: Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations, Métis and Inuit; and Francophones and Anglophones
18
Q
colonialism
A
the process of establishing colonies, in which a region is claimed and governed by a country from another part of the world
19
Q
community service
A
help in the community performed as part of a sentence, such as assisting with a community clean-up or food bank
20
Q
competition
A
in economics, rivalry among producers to sell products to consumers
21
Q
constituent
A
someone who lives in a riding and is represented by an elected official from that riding
22
Q
constitution
A
a special set of laws that establish a framework of governance
23
Q
consumerism
A
an economic theory that links prosperity to consumer demand for goods and services, and that makes consumer behavior central to economic decision making
24
Q
consumers
A
those who use products and services
25
criminal record
a permanent record of breaking the law, which is public information. A criminal record can bar you from some jobs, volunteer positions and travel to other countries.
26
criteria
standards for evaluating something
27
demand
the wants and needs of consumers for products and services
28
demographic
to do with the characteristics of populations
29
economic system
how a society organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
30
conservative
averse to change and innovation and holding traditional values
31
defense
The defense includes the evidence that supports the innocence of a person accused of a crime. In a courtroom, the lawyer who represents an accused person presents the defense. The defense can include witnesses, and physical evidence such as DNA samples and objects.
32
advocacy
public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy
33
Democratic Rights
The right to vote, etc. in the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms
34
cooperation
the process of working together to the same end
35
Canadian economy
The mixed economy of Canada
36
Canada health act
The Canada Health Act is a federal law that sets out five principles
for health care in Canada. The act says that, in every province and
territory, health care must be:
* Publicly administered: run by government for no profit.
* Comprehensive: for care provided by hospitals, physicians
and surgeons.
* Universal: available to everyone.
* Portable: available everywhere in Canada, no matter where
you make your home in Canada.
* Accessible: available within reasonable time and distance.
37
economics
the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
38
economy
the resources and processes involved in the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
39
entrenching
fixing firmly within
40
ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures
41
executive branch
the part of government responsible for putting laws into action
42
fair and equitable
governed by rules that apply to everyone, taking into account individual needs and circumstances
43
first nations
the umbrella name for the diverse Aboriginal peoples who have collective rights that are recognized and protected in Canada’s constitution. The constitution refers to First Nations as “Indians,” in keeping with the name used at the time of negotiating Treaties.
44
Francophone
a person whose first language is French
45
GDP per capita
a measure of how well-off the people of a country are calculated by how much money the average person makes
46
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
a federal sales tax in Canada
47
govern
to make decisions as a government and put decisions into action
48
governance
the process of governing
49
government
the body with the power to make decisions for a society
50
Health insurance
an agreement by a company to pay for your health services, in exchange for a fee that you pay each month or each year
51
immigration
the process of people establishing homes, and often citizenship, in a country that is not their native country
52
income tax
tax based on a percentage of a person’s income
53
Indian Act
federal legislation related to the rights and status of First Nations peoples (“status Indians”), first passed in 1876 and amended several times
54
Indian
Europeans used the word Indian to describe the First Nations of North America, although these peoples were diverse and had names for themselves. Many First Nations prefer not to use the word Indian to describe themselves.
55
inherent rights
rights with origins in fundamental justice
56
issue
a topic that connects to citizenship, identity and quality of life, and on which well-informed people have different views and perspectives
57
Judicial branch
the part of government that interprets and applies the law by making legal judgments
58
justice system
the institutions and procedures for applying laws in a society
59
justice
applying laws
60
labor force growth
the growth of the “labor force,” or the number of people who can work
61
labor union
an organization of workers that acts to protect workers’ rights and interests
62
legislation
laws created through the legislative process
63
legislative branch
the part of government that makes laws
64
lever
in the context of society, a means of accomplishing something; a way to apply pressure
65
jury
the group of 12 random people that may be called upon to administer justice for serious crimes, and is treated as a civic duty
66
Elizabeth Fry society
An advocacy group that works in the justice system independently of the government for women and girls only
67
John Howard society
An advocacy group that works in the justice system independently of the government for all people
68
elder
An elderly person in indigenous society that can help administer justice
69
Legal rights
A part of the charter of rights and freedoms that concerns the rights people have who enter the justice system
70
Historical context
how events are shaped by the actions of people in the past
71
Internment
the state of being confined as a prisoner, especially for political or military reasons
72
Legacy
the long-lasting impact of particular events, actions, etc. that took place in the past, or of a person’s life.
73
Law vs Policy
A law describes principles or conditions that must be followed. A
policy describes objectives of the government, within the law.
74
Haultain Resolution
The Haultain Resolution was proposed by the premier of the
northwest territories, Frederick Haultain, and passed by the territory assembly.
It called for the proceedings of the assembly to be English only.
75
Family Class immigrants
Immigrants moving to be with family
76
Factors for economic immigrants
age, work experience, education, etc etc etc
77
Health factor
Every potential economic immigrant to Canada must provide
proof that they are in good health. A person may be refused entry
to Canada if:
* Their health could put the health of Canadians at risk — for
example, they have tuberculosis.
* They have a condition that could endanger public safety —
for example, a mental disorder.
* Their health could put an “excessive demand” on Canada’s
health services — for example, HIV/AIDS.
78
Individualism
Some people believe that what’s best for each person individually adds up to what’s best for society. This worldview values individual creativity and independence.
79
Equilibrium
Where supply and demand meet each other
80
Bandwagon effect
Encourages you to buy a product or service because everyone else is
81
Emotional appeal
Uses strong emotional language that connects with your fears and desires.
82
Glittering generalities
Relates the product or service to words or images that promise
everything, but deliver little or nothing.
83
Environmental issues
see image 1
84
Kyoto Protocol
A worldwide climate change plan
85
GHG emissions
greenhouse gas emissions
86
Ecowarrior
An environmentalist
87
median
a concept in statistics that means the middle number in a set of data organized in order of least to most
88
minorities
groups in society who do not form the majority of the population
89
official language community
one of the groups in Canadian society whose members speak an official language of Canada — French or English — as their first language
90
opinion
personal reaction to an issue
91
patriate
to bring to a country something that belongs to the country
92
perspective
values and ideas shared by people with a common language, culture and history
93
point of view
opinions and preferences of an individual based on personal experiences
94
political system
the structure of government
95
popular vote
the total votes cast in an election, as different from the total seats won in an election
96
private health care
health care paid for by individuals
97
privately owned
in economics, the part of the economy owned and controlled by businesses and individuals
98
producers
those who create products and services
99
profit
money made from a product or service above and beyond the cost of providing the product or service
100
public good
what’s best for society as a whole
101
public health care
health care paid for by taxes
102
publicly funded
paid for by taxes and provided by government
103
publicly owned
in economics, the part of the economy owned and controlled by government and paid for by taxes
104
quality of life
a measure of personal and collective well-being
105
refugee
a person who seeks refuge in another country because of danger or persecution in their home country
106
rehabilitate
to instill positive behaviors and attitudes
107
reintegrate
to make part of again
108
reserve
land for the exclusive use of First Nations
109
rights
what individuals and groups are allowed to do in society, as established in law
110
sales tax
tax paid at the time of buying a product or service, and based on a percentage of the price of the product or service
111
scarcity
in economics, the idea that land (materials), labor and capital (money) limit the supply of what people want and need. Created by:
Land:
Land consists of all the materials found in the natural environment needed to produce goods and services, such as renewable resources (e.g., trees, raspberries) and non-renewable resources (e.g., oil, gold). Think critically: What impacts might this decision about using the land have on the land?
Labor:
Labor consists of the physical and mental effort needed to produce goods and services (e.g., agricultural workers to produce foods, servers to staff restaurants). In this photo, construction workers are building a house. If they find other jobs, or if there aren’t many qualified construction workers available, fewer houses will get built. Think critically: How do choices concerning jobs affect the workforce?
Capital:
Consists of the money that people own or borrow, used to purchase equipment, tools and other resources to produce goods and services.
112
scrip
in Métis history, a document that could be exchanged for land and that was offered the Métis at the time the Numbered Treaties were negotiated
113
sentence
a consequence for a crime, such as imprisonment, determined by a court of law
114
shift left
a shift on the economic continuum towards more government involvement in the economy. A shift left is usually described as taking a more liberal position.
115
monarch
a sovereign head of state, especially a king, queen, or emperor.
116
senate
the upper house appointed by the Prime Minister that represents minorities in the legislative branch. They normally only amend bills and don't usually propose or discard them
117
royal assent
the last step of passing a bill where the governor general signs it
118
lobbyist
someone hired to influence members of parliament, especially from a particular economic sector, and is often a professional in their field
119
prosecutor
A lawyer who uses evidence to show that someone has broken the law.
120
Sequester
To sequester means to remove from contact. Juries are sequestered to ensure they consider only the evidence presented in the courtroom.
121
Mobility rights
The section of the charter of rights and freedoms that outlines the rights for travel within and between Canada
122
Residential schools
A school to forcefully assimilate and teach indigenous children
123
Primary source
Primary sources are created by people who actually saw or participated in an event and recorded their reactions to that event immediately after the event occurred.
124
secondary source
Secondary sources are created by someone not present at the event, or are interpretations of events that already occurred.
125
official language minority
a group that speaks one of Canada’s official languages (English or French) and that does not make up the majority population of a province or territory
126
official billigualism
New Brunswick having both English and French as its official languages
127
Manitoba schools act
* Abolished public funding for Catholic schools.
* Made Manitoba an officially English-only province.
128
Northwest territories ordinance number 22
Ordinance Number 22 required English as the language of
instruction in all schools.
129
Metis
a person of mixed indigenous and Euro-American ancestry, in particular one of a group of such people who in the 19th century constituted the so-called Métis nation in the areas around the Red and Saskatchewan rivers. They did not have any historic treaties with the Canadian government
130
points system
A system for determining which immigrants are let into Canada through a series of questions
131
immigration and refugee protection act
The most recent of many laws that determine who comes to Canada, whose purpose is to:
* Pursue social, cultural and economic benefits for all
Canadians.
* Respect the bilingual and multicultural character of Canada.
* Support the development of minority official language
communities in Canada.
* Share the benefits of immigration and support a prosperous
economy across all regions of Canada.
* Reunite families in Canada.
* Promote the successful integration of immigrants into
Canadian society, recognizing that integration involves
mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian
society.
132
The "Other" class (immigration)
People accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons.
133
Languages of immigrants
Most speak English, and first languages include Chinese, Punjabi, Spanish and Arabic
134
Provincial Nomination program
Under the Provincial Nomination Program, provinces can
“nominate” a percentage of the immigrants Canada selects each
year. This means, for example, that Alberta can specify that it
needs immigrants with particular skills. However, the government does this by "strongly suggesting" a province
135
Quebec accord
An accord with Quebec and Canada that allows Quebec to send families to French schools and nominate A LOT of French-speaking immigrants
136
Planned Economy
At this end of the spectrum, government makes all the decisions about how to solve scarcity. It owns and manages the resources needed to produce things. It plans what will be produced and decides how to use limited resources.
Characteristics:
* Resources are publicly owned.
* Government makes decisions on how to use resources.
* Individual consumers have little influence on economic decision making.
137
Mixed economy
A mixed economy combines private ownership and government control. For example, private businesses own some resources and the government owns others. In mixed economies, the level of government involvement fluctuates depending what political party is in power.
Characteristics:
* Some resources are publicly owned and some are privately owned.
* Individuals and government both make decisions about what to produce.
* Individual consumers and government influence economic decision making.
138
Market Economy
At this end of the spectrum, the choices of individuals solve scarcity. Private businesses own and manage resources. They sell their products to consumers, who make their own decisions about what to buy. Businesses succeed if they produce what consumers want. Otherwise, they fail. The government does not get involved.
Characteristics:
* Resources are privately owned.
* Individuals make decisions on how to use resources.
* Individual consumers drive economic decision making by choosing what to buy.
139
Law of supply and demand
Where when demand goes down, supply goes up, when supply goes up, price goes down and when price goes down, demand goes up and when demand goes up, supply goes down and when supply goes down, price goes up and when price goes up, demand goes down
140
Plain folks appeal
Relates a product or service to the experience of ordinary folks.
141
Scientific appeal
Uses statistics or scientific data to persuade consumers to buy a product or service.
142
Political platform
A political platform describes the official policies of a political party. It reflects a variety of issues, including those linked to social programs and taxation models.
143
Regions and impacts
the uneven distribution geographically of climate change's impact on a society
144
Regions and emissions
the uneven distribution geographically society's impact on climate change
145
shift right
a shift on the economic continuum towards less government involvement in the economy. A shift right is usually described as taking a more conservative position
146
slogan
a phrase repeatedly used by politicians or marketers to present an idea
147
social program
services paid for by taxes and provided by government to reduce economic inequalities and promote the wellbeing of citizens
148
society
a social system where a group of people share a common geographic region, sense of common identity and culture, and who participate in shared political and economic institutions for a communal purpose or interest
149
sovereignty
independence as a people, with a right to self-government
150
strike
a cessation of work by workers. Strikes pressure employers to respond to issues that concern workers.
151
supply
the products and services created by producers
152
tax base
all the economic activity in a society, which government taxes to pay for services
153
tax evasion
misrepresenting what you earn to avoid paying taxes
154
taxation model
government policies about taxation, such as what to tax (e.g., incomes, purchases), how much to tax, and how to spend taxes
155
unbiased
without preconceived ideas
156
underground economy
economic activity based on buying and selling products and services illegally
157
unemployment rate
the percentage of the workforce that does not have jobs
158
validity
reliability, based on a critical assessment of source, facts and bias
159
YCJA
The law that:
* Deals with 12- to 17- year olds in trouble with the law.
* Allows some young offenders to face consequences such as counselling and community service.
* Prohibits adult sentences for youths 12 to 14 years of age. Allows adult sentences for young people 14 years of age and older who have committed serious crimes.
* Protects the privacy of young offenders. News media may not publish their names unless they receive an adult sentence.
* Allows most young offenders to avoid a criminal record.
Purpose:
(i) prevent crime by addressing the circumstances underlying a young person’s offending behavior,
(ii) rehabilitate young persons whom commit offences and reintegrate them into society, and
(iii) ensure that a young person is subject to meaningful consequences for his or her offence in order to promote the long-term protection of society.
(iv) the criminal justice system for young persons must be separate from that of adults and [recognize]… their reduced level of maturity
160
Numbered treaties
The Numbered Treaties are historic agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Canada. In exchange for sharing land, the First Nations obtained free healthcare, education, hunting rights, reserves, farming assistance, and annuities
161
workforce
the population able to work
162
Singh decision
* Satnam Singh came to Canada from India seeking refugee status.
Canada’s government rejected his case under the Immigration Act,
1976.
* The Immigration Act, 1976, did not allow
Mr. Singh to state his case in person or to appeal
the government’s decision on his case.
* The Supreme Court said this violated section 7 of
the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which says:
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of
the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof
except in accordance with the principles of
fundamental justice.
* The Supreme Court said everyone in the Charter
means everyone — every person physically
present in Canada.
The Result
* People claiming refugee status in Canada have the right to a hearing,
which they attend in person.
* Canada established the Immigration and Refugee Board to provide
quick and fair hearings.
* Canada’s government provides people seeking refugee status with the
necessities of life while they wait for a hearing.
163
US economy
The market economy of the USA
164
Testimonials
Uses celebrities or experts to speak for a product.
165
value
what you care about
166
worldview
a particular philosophy of life or conception of the world. Worldviews change
167
THE END
THE END
