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2.5 Genetic Variation > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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2
Q

Centromere

A

The point where the 2 chromatids are joined together

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3
Q

Chiasma

A

The point at which chromatids break and re-join in crossing over

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure in the nucleus made up of DNA which holds the genetic information of an organism

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5
Q

Diploid

A

Full or complete number of chromosomes 2n/2 sets = 46 in humans

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6
Q

Homologous pair

A

A pair of chromosomes with the same genes but may have different alleles

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7
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is always expressed if present - only one copy needed

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8
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell. Egg or sperm in humans

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9
Q

Gene

A

A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a protein/characteristic

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10
Q

Gene Pool

A

The total variety of genes and alleles present in a sexually reproducing population available to be passed on to the next generation

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11
Q

Genome

A

All of an organism’s genes

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12
Q

Haploid

A

Half the normal number of chromosomes n/1 set = 23 in eggs or sperm

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles are different eg. Tt

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14
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same eg TT, tt

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15
Q

Linked

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome

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16
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

17
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division producing four daughter cells each genetically different, with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell = produces gametes

18
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes aka the inner chromatids during meiosis

19
Q

Independent assortment

A

Each homologous pair of chromosomes are lined up randomly and are sorted independently of the other pairs during meiosis putting chromosomes/alleles into new combinations increasing genetic variation

20
Q

Segregation

A

In meiosis the 2 members of the pair of alleles of a gene becomes separated into different gametes so the allele can join with a different allele of that gene at fertilisation

21
Q

Mutation

A

A sudden change in the genetic base sequence of DNA in an organism

22
Q

Phenotype

A

How the gene is expressed/what the organism looks like

23
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is only expressed when it is present in two copies - the dominant allele must be absent

24
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells other than sex cells

25
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms which can interbreed sexually and produce fertile offspring

26
Q

Testcross

A

Finding the genotype of an individual showing dominant phenotypes by crossing them with a homozygous recessive individual and looking at the phenotypes of the offspring

27
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature an organism has which helps it survive in its environment. It can be structural, behavioral or physiological

28
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of a particular allele in a gene pool, relative to the other alleles of the same gene

29
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in the frequencies of alleles in a population over time

30
Q

Natural selection

A

The process where individuals with favorable combinations of alleles are more likely to reproduce successfully and pass on these traits

31
Q

Gene flow

A

The introduction of genes/alleles from one population to the gene pool of another - migration

32
Q

Genetic variation

A

All the genes, alleles, and their combinations present in a population

33
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance

34
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating of closely related individuals of the same species

35
Q

Population

A

Members of the same species living in the same area at the same time

36
Q

Environmental factors

A

Factors which select for or against particular phenotypes in the process of natural selection

37
Q

Founders effect

A

Change in allele frequencies when a new population arises from only a few colonizing individuals. The new population will have reduced genetic diversity/smaller gene pool

38
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Recovery of a population after a catastrophic event, the range of alleles will decrease and the frequencies of alleles will change. The recovered population will have reduced genetic diversity

39
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selection based on the choice of mating partners, usually female.
This leads to evolutionary change if choices are based on differences in inherited characteristics e.g tail length in peacocks

2.5 Genetic Variation (1 decks)

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