Vocab

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A learning process in which the conditioned stimulus (ex: bell) is paired with the unconditional stimulus (sight of food) until the conditioned stimulus alone elicits the response (such as salvation) originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

Cohort effect

Answer 2

Variations in developmental outcomes observed between groups of children born in different times, place, or conditions

Question 3

Correlation coefficient

Answer 3

A measure of the extent to which two variables are related

Question 4

Cross-sectional study

Answer 4

A study in which individuals of different ages are observed at the same point in time

Question 5

Dependent Variable

Answer 5

The variable that is being tested or measured in an experiement

Question 6

Development

Answer 6

Patterns of growth and change in behavior, thinking, or emotions over time

Question 7

Developmental Cascade

Answer 7

A developmental pattern in which small environmental effects of child behavior become magnifies across time or age, leading to larger environmental effects or larger change in child behavior

Question 8

Developmental Theory

Answer 8

A set of rules or statements that describes, explains, and predicts various aspects of development

Question 9

Ethnicity

Answer 9

Shared cultural and social practices that distinguished one group of people from another

Question 10

Ethnographic methods

Answer 10

The recording of children’s behavior while the researcher is a member of the group to which the child belongs

Question 11

Functional MRI

Answer 11

A brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain to map areas that are activated to particular activities

Question 12

Identity Crisis

Answer 12

A period of conflict in which one considers alternative identities

Question 13

Independent variable

Answer 13

The variable that differs between the experimental and control groups

Question 14

Longitudinal Study

Answer 14

A study in which one group of individuals is tested repeatedly over a fairly long period of time (such as several months or years)

Question 15

Maturation

Answer 15

Primarily biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to more complex level

Question 16

Multiple regression

Answer 16

Statistical analysis in which the relationships between multiple independent variables and dependent variable are measured

Question 17

Naturalistic observation

Answer 17

The recording of behavior in natural settings

Question 18

Norms

Answer 18

Data on how a large number of individuals perform on a given test

Question 19

Observational learning

Answer 19

Learning by observing or imitating another person

Question 20

Operant conditioning

Answer 20

A learning process in which a particular behavior (baby’s smile) is followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus (adult talking to the baby), resulting in an increase in the frequency of the behavior (baby’s smile)

Question 21

Plasticity

Answer 21

The degree to which behavior, emotions, thoughts, or brain functions can be modified by experience

Question 22

Positive development

Answer 22

Perspective in developmental science that focuses on the process by which adolescents can become physically and psychologically healthy

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

Consistency of measurements across test occasions

Question 24

Resilience

Answer 24

Maintaining or exceeding typical developmental despite the presence of risk factors in the environment

Question 25

Scheme

Answer 25

An organized way of thinking about or acting on the world

Question 26

Self organized príncipes

Answer 26

Dynamic system teams theory noting in any component of the system en can lead to reorganization into a more complex system overtime

Question 27

Sensitive period

Answer 27

Range of time when the development of the organism is most sensitive to environmental stimulation

Question 28

Socioeconomic status (SES

Answer 28

An indicator of social status based on factors such as family income, education., type of occupation

Question 29

Stages of cognitive developent

Answer 29

Distinct types of thinking marked by changes in the nature of the schemes and the organization of schemes into cognitive structures

Question 30

Structured observation

Answer 30

An observation in which children’s behavior is recorder in structured situations

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

The extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure

Question 32

Vulnerability

Answer 32

The extent to which biological or environmental factors create a higher than average risk of poor developmental outcomes