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BIO-102 Unit 3 > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transformation

A

Process by which cells take up DNA molecules from their surroundings and then express genes present on that DNA

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2
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

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3
Q

Translation

A

Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into a protein

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesise a complimentary RNA sequence

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5
Q

DNA

A

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from 2 separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cells store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation

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6
Q

RNA

A

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic and regulatory functions in cells

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7
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Are polynucleotides —> long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

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8
Q

Ribose

A

a sugar that forms the backbone of a very important molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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9
Q

Deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar important in the formation of DNA

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10
Q

Nucleoside

A

a structural subunit of nucleic acids, the heredity-controlling components of all living cells, consisting of a molecule of sugar linked to a nitrogen-containing organic ring compound

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11
Q

Nucleotide

A

Basic building block of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA; a nucleoside linked to a phosphate

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12
Q

Polynucleotide

A

polymer composed of several nucleotides linked together

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13
Q

Purine

A

a heterocyclic aromatic compound composed of a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring fused together

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14
Q

Pyriminide

A

a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is composed of carbon and hydrogen

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15
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

A weak non-covalent interaction between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom

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17
Q

Base pairing

A

2 complimentary nucleotides in a RNA or DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds (A and T) (G and C)

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18
Q

Double helix

A

Typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the 2 polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands

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19
Q

Antiparallel

A
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20
Q

Antiparallel

A

if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality

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21
Q

Complementary

A

Describes 2 molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other.

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22
Q

5’ end

A

the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus.

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23
Q

3’ end

A

terminating at the hydroxyl group of the third carbon in the sugar-ring, and is known as the tail end

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24
Q

RNA transcript

A

RNA molecule produced by transcription that is complementary to 1 strand of DNA

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25
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyse the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template using ribonucleoside triphosphate

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26
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity

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27
Q

transcription

A

process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesise a complementary RNA sequence

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28
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

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29
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome

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30
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor that “reads” a codon in mRNA and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

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31
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription; includes sequences recognised by RNA polymerase and its accessory proteins

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32
Q

sigma factor

A

multi-domain subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) that play critical roles in transcription initiation, including the recognition and opening of promoters as well as the initial steps in RNA synthesis

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33
Q

transcription factor

A

transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes “on” or “off” by binding to nearby DNA

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34
Q

template strand

A

the strand that is used during transcription to produce RNA

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35
Q

non-template strand

A

coding strand because its sequence will be the same as that of the new RNA molecule

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36
Q

upstream

A

The region that lies towards the 5’ end of the DNA coding strand

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37
Q

downstream

A

The region of the coding strand towards the three prime ends

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38
Q

terminator

A

genetic parts that usually occur at the end of a gene or operon and cause transcription to stop

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39
Q

RNA capping

A

the modification of the 5’ end of a maturing RNA transcript by the addition of an atypical nucleotide

40
Q

polyadenylation

A

the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesised mRNA molecule

41
Q

poly-A-tail

A

a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule

42
Q

pre-mRNA

A

a single-stranded nucleic acid

43
Q

intron

A

noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into a RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce a mRNA

44
Q

exon

A

segment of a eukaryotic cell that is transcribed into RNA and dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein

45
Q

RNA splicing

A

process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules during the formation of a mature messenger RNA

46
Q

spliceosome

A

a large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA

47
Q

alternative splicing

A

the production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcripts in different ways

48
Q

reading frame

A

one of the 3 possible ways in which a set of successive nucleotide triplets can be translated into protein, depending on which nucleotide serves as the starting point

49
Q

codon

A

group of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or that starts and stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA

50
Q

anticodon

A

set of 3 consecutive nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that recognises, through base-pairing, the 3-nucleotide codon on a mRNA molecule; this interaction helps to deliver the correct amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain

51
Q

ribosome

A

large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a mRNA into a polypeptide chain

52
Q

charged (aminoacyl) tRNA

A

tRNA to which its cognate amino acid is chemically bonded (charged)

53
Q

A (aminoacyl) site

A

a binding site for charged t-RNA molecules during protein synthesis

54
Q

P (peptidyl) site

A

the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome

55
Q

E (exit) site

A

Site on the ribosome through which tRNAs pass after they have donated their amino acid to the growing nascent polypeptide chain

56
Q

start codon (AUG)

A

the initial set of codons in an mRNA transcript that is translated by a ribosome

57
Q

stop codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell

58
Q

N-terminus

A

the end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free delta-amino group

59
Q

C-terminus

A

the end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free carboxyl group

60
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent chemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the second amino acid

61
Q

translocation

A

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

62
Q

release factors

A

a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognising the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence

63
Q

chaperones

A

proteins that guide proteins along the proper pathways for folding

64
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

65
Q

protein

A

macromolecule built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities

66
Q

conformation

A

precise, three-dimensional shape of a protein or other macromolecule, based on spatial location of its atoms in relation to one another

67
Q

covalent bonds

A

stable chemical link between 2 atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

68
Q

noncovalent bonds

A

chemical association that does not involve the sharing of electrons; they are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong, highly specific interactions between molecules

69
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

a weak noncovalent interaction between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom

70
Q

ionic bonds

A

interaction formed when one atom donates electrons to another; this transfer of electrons causes both atoms to become electrically charged

71
Q

polypeptide backbone

A

repeating sequence of the atoms (-N-C-C-) that form the core of a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached

72
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

a kind of property of nonpolar molecules (or hydrophobic moieties of amphiphiles), which can drive these molecules to assemble to form anhydrous domains in aqueous solution

72
Q

amino acid

A

small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, it serves as the building block of proteins

73
Q

carboxyl group

A

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (single-bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O) groups

74
Q

amino group

A

a functional group that consists of a single nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

75
Q

side chain (R group)

A
76
Q

condensation reaction

A

chemical reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between 2 molecules as water is expelled; used to bind polymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids

77
Q

amino acid sequence

A

the order of the amino acid subunits in a protein chain

78
Q

electrophoresis

A

technique for separating a mixture of proteins or DNA fragments by placing them on a polymer gel and subjecting them to a electric field. the molecules migrate through the gel at different speeds depending on their size and net charge

79
Q

malaria

A

a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes

80
Q

morbidity

A

having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population

81
Q

mortality

A

death

82
Q

heterozygote

A

having inherited different versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent

83
Q

homozygote

A

an organism with identical pairs of genes (or alleles) for a specific trait

84
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of a cell or organism, including which alleles it carries

85
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of a cell or organism

86
Q

anemia

A

a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells

87
Q

signal sequence

A

amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location in a cell, such as a nucleus or mitochondria

88
Q

protein translocator

A

a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM) and mainly expressed in glial cells in the brain.

89
Q

transport vesicle

A

membrane vesicle that carries protein from one intracellular compartment to another

90
Q

nuclear pore

A

channel through which selected large molecules move between nucleus and the cytoplasm

91
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

region of the endoplasmic recticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins

92
Q

clathrin

A

protein that makes up the coat of a type of transport vesicle that buds from either the golgi apparatus or from the plasma membrane

93
Q

glycosylation

A

the attachment of carbohydrates to the backbone of a protein through an enzymatic reaction

94
Q

unfolded protein response

A

molecular program triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. allows cells to expand the endoplasmic reticulum and produce more of the molecular machinery needed to restore proper protein folding and processing

BIO-102 Unit 3 (1 decks)

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