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BIO-102 Unit 2 > vocab > Flashcards

vocab Flashcards

1
Q

aqueous

A

a type of solution where water is considered the universal solvent

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1
Q

amphipathic

A

having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, as in a phospholipid or a detergent molecule

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2
Q

cholesterol

A

short, rigid lipid molecule present in large amounts in the plasma membrane of animal cells, where it makes the lipid bilayer less flexible

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3
Q

fatty acid

A

molecule that consists of a carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrogen chain. used as a major source of energy during metabolism and as a starting point for the synthesis of phospholipids

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4
Q

glycolipid

A

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond

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5
Q

glycoprotein

A

proteins containing glycans attached to amino acid side chains

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6
Q

integral protein

A

a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane

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7
Q

lipid bilayer

A

a thin pair of closely juxtaposed sheets, composed mainly of phospholipids molecule, that forms the structural basis for all cell membranes

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8
Q

peripheral protein

A

a protein that is found temporarily attached to the cell or mitochondrial membrane

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9
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A

common phospholipid present in the abundance in most cell membranes, uses chlorine attached to a phosphate as its head group

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10
Q

saturated (hydrocarbon)

A

describes an organic molecule that contains a full complement of hydrogen; in other words, no double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

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11
Q

selective barrier

A

a membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.

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12
Q

single pass

A

a transmembrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer only once.

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13
Q

tight junction

A

a type of cell junction characterised by forming an adhesion complex between two neighbouring cells serving as a tight seal between the cells

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14
Q

transmembrane protein

A

a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane

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15
Q

unsaturated

A

describes an organic molecule that contains one or more double or triple bonds between its carbon atoms

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16
Q

phospholipid

A

a major type of lipid molecule in many cell membranes. generally composed of 2 fatty acid tails linked to 1 of a variety of phosphate-containing polar groups

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17
Q

ATP driven pump

A

use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient

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18
Q

active transport

A

the movement of a solute across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient; requires an input of energy, such as that is provided by ATP hydrolysis

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19
Q

antiport

A

type of coupled transporter that transfers 2 different ions or small molecules across a small membrane in opposite directions, either simultaneously or in sequence

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20
Q

aquaporin

A

integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane.

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21
Q

channel

A

a protein that forms a hydrophilic pore across a membrane, through which selected small molecules and ions can passively diffuse

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22
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another

23
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel and is a combination of two types of gradients: a concentration gradient and an electrical field gradient.

24
facilitated transport
type of passive transport
25
membrane potential
voltage difference across a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and of negative ions of the other
26
osmolarity
the number of particles of solute per litre of solution
27
osmosis
passive movement of water across a cell membrane from a region where the concentration of water is high to a region where the concentration of water is low
28
passive transport
the spontaneous movement of a solute down its concentration gradient across a cell membrane via a membrane transport protein, such as a channel or a transporter
29
simple diffusion
type of passive transport
30
solute
a dissolved substance
31
symport
a transporter that transfers 2 different solutes across a cell membrane in the same direction
32
transporter
membrane transport protein that moves a solute across a cell membrane by undergoing a series of conformational changes
33
uniport
The transport of molecule or ion across a membrane through facilitated diffusion without coupling to the transport of another molecule or ion
34
gated channels
transmembrane proteins of excitable cells, that allow a flux of ions to pass only under defined circumstances
35
leak channels
these channels are always open
36
ligand-gated channels
an ion channel that is stimulated to open by the binding of a small molecule such as a neurotransmitter
37
mechanically-gated channels
an ion channel that allows the passage of select ions across a membrane in response to a physical perturbation
38
membrane potential
voltage differences across a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and of negative ions on the other
39
Nernst equation
an equation that relates to concentrations of an inorganic ion of the 2 sides of a permeable membrane to the membrane potential at which there would be no net movement of the ions across the membrane
40
patch clamp
technique used to monitor the activity of ion channels in a membrane; involves the formation of a tight seal between the tip of a glass electrode and a small region of cell membrane, and manipulation of the membrane potential by varying the concentrations of ions in the electrode
41
voltage-gated proteins
channel proteins that permits the passage of selected ions, such as Na+, across a membrane in response to changes in the membrane potential. Found primarily in electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells
42
paralysis
the loss of muscle function in part of your body
43
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement
44
chemical signal
proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell
45
electrical signal
action potentials
46
excitatory neurotransmitter
excite the neuron and cause it to fire the messages
47
inhibitory neurotransmitter
block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any further
48
neurotransmitter
small signalling molecule secreted by a nerve cell at a synapse to transmit information to a post synaptic cell
49
neuromuscular junction
a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle
50
postsynaptic cell
specialised to receive the neurotransmitter signal released from the presynaptic terminal and transduce it into electrical and biochemical changes in the postsynaptic cell.
51
presynaptic cell
a neuron that sends information to another neuron via a specialised structure called a synapse
52
synapse
specialised junction where a nerve cell communicates with another cell, usually via a neurotransmitter secreted by the nerve cell
53
synaptic cleft
The space between two neurons across which the impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter
54
synaptic vesicle
small, electron-lucent vesicles that are clustered at presynaptic terminals
55
transmitter-gated ion channel
specialised for rapidly converting extracellular chemical signals into electrical signals at chemical synapses
56
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
key transducers of membrane potential changes into intracellular Ca2+ transients that initiate many physiological events

BIO-102 Unit 2 (1 decks)

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