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BIO-102 Unit 1 > vocab > Flashcards

vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

micrometer

A

unit of measurement

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2
Q

light microscope

A

uses visible light, the first thing that allowed intricate structures to be viewed, allows up to 1000x magnification, requires a bright light, the specimen has to be prepared so light can pass through it, need a set of lenses

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3
Q

fluorescence microscope

A

instrument used to visualise a specimen that has been labelled with fluorescent dye, samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excited the dye, cause it to fluoresce

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4
Q

electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particles that occupies space around a atomic nucleus

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5
Q

microscope

A

instrument for viewing extremely small objects

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6
Q

prokaryote

A

category of living cells distinguished by absence of nucleus

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7
Q

eukaryote

A

organism whos cells have distinct nucleus and cytoplasm

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8
Q

archaea

A

1 domain of prokaryotes, found in harsh environments

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9
Q

bacteria

A

other domain of prokaryotes, make up most prokaryotes that are familiar from everyday life

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10
Q

actin filament

A

thin, flexible protein filaments made from a chain of globular actin molecules, part of eukaryotic cells, cytoskeletal element essential for cell movement and contraction of muscle cells

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11
Q

cell wall

A

mechanically strong fibrous later deposited outside the plasma membrane of some cells, prominent in plants, bacteria, algae, fungi, not prominent in animals

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information

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13
Q

cytoplasm

A

contents of a cell contained within plasma membrane, in eukaryotic cells, outside nucleus

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14
Q

cytoskeleton

A

system of protein filaments in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that gives cells shape and capacity for directed movement

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15
Q

cytosol

A

contents of main compartment of cytoplasm excluding membrane-enclosed organelles

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16
Q

endocytosis

A

process where cells take in materials through invagination of plasma membrane, surrounding ingested material in a membrane-enclosed vesicle

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17
Q

exocytosis

A

process where molecules are secreted from a eukaryotic cell

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18
Q

extracellular matrix

A

complex network of polysaccharides and proteins secreted by cells

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19
Q

protozoans

A

a free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote

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20
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibrous cytoskeletal elements, forms ropelike networks, helps cells resist tension applied

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21
Q

microtubule

A

long, stiff, cylindrical structure composed of protein tubulin, used by eukaryotic cells to organise cytoplasm and guide intracellular transport of macromolecules

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22
Q

model organsim

A

living things selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species

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23
Q

nuclear envelope organelle

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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24
Q

photosynthesis

A

process where sunlight energy drives synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

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25
Q

plasma membrane

A

protein-containing lipid bilayer surrounding living cells

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes (DNA)

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins

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28
Q

Mitochondria

A

Transform energy from food to produce ATP (cellular energy molecule)

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29
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis (in plant cells only)

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30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Continuous with nuclear membrane - produces membranes, membrane proteins and materials for secretion

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31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages molecules from ER destined for transport elsewhere

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32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestion (breakdown unwanted molecules for recycling/nutrients)

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33
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Safe place to carry out reactions involving hydrogen peroxide to inactivate toxins

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34
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Shuttle materials from one organelle to another and to the outside of the cell

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35
Q

Amino acid

A

Small organic molecule containing both an amino acid and a carboxyl group, building block for proteins

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36
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle of an element, retains distinct chemical properties, consists of positively charged nucleus which surrounds a cloud of negatively charged electrons

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37
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between 2 molecules as water is expelled, used to build polymers

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38
Q

Covalent bond

A

Stable chemical link between 2 atoms produced by sharing 1 or more pairs of electrons

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39
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded polynucleotide formed from 2 separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units, serves as cells store of genetic information

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40
Q

Disaccharide

A

Sugars whose molecules contain 2 monosaccharide reactions

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41
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles that occupies space around a atomic nucleus

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42
Q

Electrostatic attraction

A

Force that draws together oppositely charged electrons

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43
Q

Fatty acid

A

Molecule consisting of carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrocarbon chain, energy for metabolism

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44
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak noncovalent interaction between positively and negatively charged atoms

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45
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

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46
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Part of a molecule that readily formed hydrogen bonds with water, allowing it to readily dissolve

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47
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar, uncharged molecules that forms no hydrogen bonds with water molecules, doesn’t dissolve

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48
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

Noncovalent interactions that forces together the hydrophobic portions of dissolved molecules to minimise their disruption of the hydrogen-bonded network of water, causes membrane phospholipids to self-assemble into a bilateral and helps to fold protein into a compact, globular shape

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49
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

Not composed of carbon atoms

50
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Thin layer of closely juxtaposed sheet, composed of phospholipid molecules, forms structural basis for all cell membranes

51
Q

Macromolecule

A

Polymer built from covalently linked subunits includes proteins, nucleic acid and polysaccharides with a molecular mass of greater than few thousand daltons

52
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecule that can be linked to others of a similar type to form a larger molecule

53
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simplest sugars

54
Q

Noncovalent bonds

A

Chemical association, no electron sharing, relatively weak but can sum together to produce strong, highly specific interactions between molecules

55
Q

Nucleotide

A

Basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

56
Q

Organic molecules

A

Chemical compound with carbon and hydrogen

57
Q

Polar

A

Molecule/bond which electrons distributed unevenly

58
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule made by covalently linking multiple identical or similar subunits

59
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecule built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure

60
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle found in nucleus of every atom

61
Q

RNA

A

Molecule produced by transcription of DNA, single-stranded, polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits, serves a variety of informational structural, catalytic and regulatory functions in cells

62
Q

Subunit

A

Monomer that forms part of a larger molecule, such as a amino acid residue in a protein

63
Q

Sugar

A

Substance made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

Van de Waals attractions

A

Weak noncovalent interaction, due to fluctuating electrical charges, that come into play between 2 atoms within a short distance of each other

65
Q

activation energy

A

the energy that must be acquired by a molecule to undergo a chemical reaction

66
Q

anabolism

A

set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones

67
Q

biosynthetic pathways

A

anabolic pathways, use energy from catabolism to drive the synthesis of large molecules

68
Q

catabolism

A

set of enzyme-catalysed reactions by which complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones with the release of energy; intermediates in these reactions are sometimes called catabolites

69
Q

catalyst

A

substance that accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy; enzymes perform this role in cells

70
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food molecules; usually accompanied by the uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide

71
Q

dehydrogenation

A

oxidations, proton and electron movement

72
Q

entropy

A

thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system

73
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that catalyses a specific chemical reaction

74
Q

equilibrium

A

state in which the forward and reverse rates of a chemical reaction are equal so that no net chemical change occurs

75
Q

free energy

A

energy that can be harnessed to do work, such as driving a chemical reaction

76
Q

free energy change

A

in a chemical reaction, the difference in free energy between reactant and product molecules; a large negative change value indicates that the reaction has a strong tendency to occur

77
Q

hydrogenation

A

reductions, proton and electron movement

78
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions that take place in the cells of a living organism

79
Q

oxidation

A

removal of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of oxygen to a carbon atom or when a hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom; can also refer to a partial shift of electrons between atoms linked by covalent bonds

80
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons to an atom, as occurs during the addition of hydrogen to a carbon atom or the removal of oxygen from it; can also refer to the partial shift of electrons between atoms linked by covalent bonds

81
Q

substrates

A

a molecule on which an enzyme acts to catalyse a chemical reaction

82
Q

activated carriers

A

a small molecule that stores energy or chemical groups in a form that can be donated to many different metabolic reactions

83
Q

ADP

A

nucleoside diphosphate produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP

84
Q

ATP

A

activated carrier that serves as the principal carrier of energy in cells; a nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

85
Q

biosynthesis

A

an enzyme-catalysed process by which complex molecules are formed from simpler substances by living cells

86
Q

coupled reaction

A

linked pair of chemical reactions in which free energy is released by one reaction that serves to drive the other reaction

87
Q

activation energy

A

the energy that must be acquired by a molecule to undergo a chemical reaction

88
Q

double reciprocal plot

A

graphical representation of enzyme kinetics etc

89
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

a temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and substrate are bonded together

90
Q

Km

A

michaelis constant, the concentration of substrate at which an enzyme works at half its maximum velocity; serves as a measure of how tightly the substrate is bound

91
Q

phosphorylation

A

any reaction that involves the transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule (eg. condensation reaction)

92
Q

random walk

A

the path a molecule moves in during diffusion, moves one way then the other way

93
Q

reaction velocity

A

how quickly substrate is consumed or how quickly product is formed

94
Q

turnover number

A

the maximum number of substrate molecules than an enzyme can convert into product per second

95
Q

Vmax

A

the maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction, reached when the active sites of all of the enzyme molecules in a sample are fully occupied by substrate

96
Q

active site

A

region on the surface of an enzyme that binds to a substrate molecule and catalyses its chemical transformation

97
Q

catalysis

A

the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

98
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

competes with a substrate for binding to an active site

99
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule

100
Q

diffusion

A

process by which molecules and small particles move from one location to another by random, thermally driven motion

101
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that catalyses a specific chemical reaction

102
Q

feedback inhibition

A

a form of metabolic control in which the end product of a chain of enzymatic reactions reduces the activity of an enzyme early in the pathway

103
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that servers the polysaccharide chains that form the cell wall of bacteria; found in many secretions including saliva and tears, where it serves as an antibiotic

104
Q

negative regulation

A

the process of regulating gene expression by inhibiting the expression of that specific gene

105
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

specific type of enzyme inhibition characterised by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme

106
Q

positive regulation

A

To begin the transcription process, the activator proteins bind to the operator on mRNA

107
Q

regulatory site

A

The site to which the effector binds

108
Q

transition state

A

transient structure that forms during the course of an chemical reaction; in this configuration, a molecule has the highest free energy; it is no longer the substrate, but is not yet the product

109
Q

action potential

A

travelling wave of electrical excitation caused by rapid, transient, self-propagating depolarisation of the plasma membrane in a neuron or other excitable cell (aka. nerve impulse)

110
Q

axon

A

long, thin extension that conducts electrical signals away from a nerve cell body towards remote target cells

111
Q

cell body

A

the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

112
Q

dendrites

A

short, branching structure that extends from the surface of a nerve cell and receives signals from other cells

113
Q

depolarisation

A

a shift in membrane potential, making it less negative on the inside of the cell

114
Q

electrochemical driving force

A

the driving force for carrier-mediated passive transport of a charged solute x across the membrane.

115
Q

inactivated state

A
116
Q

myelin

A

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

nerve terminal

A

structure at the end of an axon that signals to another neuron or target cell

118
Q

passive spread

A
119
Q

refractory period

A

a period of time during which an organ or cell is incapable of repeating a particular action

120
Q

threshold potential

A

the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarised to initiate an action potential

BIO-102 Unit 1 (2 decks)

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