Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that defines what the individual needs or wants to do when using assistive technology
A
Activity
2
Q
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
A
Activity Output
3
Q
A process through which information about the client is gathered and analyzed in a systematic manner with the purpose of identifying appropriate assistive technologies (hard and soft) and developing a plan for intervention
A
Assessment
4
Q
A broad range of devices, services, strategies, and practices that are conceived and applied to ameliorate the problems faced by individuals who have disabilities
A
Assistive Technology
5
Q
Any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device
A
Assistive Technology Service
6
Q
An ethical principle ensuring that actions lead to good results that benefit the others
A
Beneficence
7
Q
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes the influence of physical, social, cultural, and institutional environments or contexts on the access to, service delivery, and use of assistive technology
A
Context
8
Q
Models of different levels or components that form a system, which is viewed as an interactive and dynamic whole. Change in one component affects all others
A
Ecological Models
9
Q
Someone or something that facilitates the performance of an occupation
A
Enabler
10
Q
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
A
Environmental Sensor
11
Q
A formal code of conduct that guides behavior in different situations; includes professional codes of ethics
A
Ethics
12
Q
Practice and service delivery that is informed by clinical and research evidence
A
Evidence Informed
13
Q
Readily available components that can be purchased and assembled into assistive technology systems
A
Hard Technology
14
Q
Component of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes a person who uses assistive technology; includes the user’s abilities in motor, sensory, cognitive, and affective areas.
A
Human
15
Q
Fundamental opportunities or actions that belong to an individual and that cannot be denied by governmental or other organizations or persons
A
Human Rights
16
Q
The portion of the assistive technology system with which the user interacts
A
Human/Technology Interface (HTI)
17
Q
Devices (and services) that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and computers
A
Mainstream Technology
18
Q
An ethical principle meaning do no harm
A
Nonmaleficence
19
Q
The process used to determine whether a given intervention has achieved the intended outcome. May be determined for both an individual and a group
A
Outcome Evaluation
20
Q
Component of an assistive technology device that translates inputs from the human and the environmental sensor into signals that are used to control the activity output
A
Processor
21
Q
Equitable access to rights and resources, initially from an economic perspective, but subsequently includes equal access to basic rights and freedom of choice
A
Social Justice
22
Q
Are the human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery
A
Soft Technology
23
Q
Describes how well the person is able to access and use device functionality
A
Usability
24
Q
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
A
Activity output
25
A broad range of devices, services, strategies, and practices that are conceived and applied to ameliorate the problems faced by individuals who have disabilities
Assistive technologies (ATs)
26
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control interface
27
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
Environmental sensor
28
Pervasive technology that facilitates everyday tasks and activities (e.g., remote controls, microwave ovens, mobile phones)
Everyday technologies (ETs)
29
The allocation of functions in any human/device system in which some functions are allocated to the human, some to the device, and some to the personal assistant services
Function allocation
30
Readily available components that can be purchased and assembled into assistive technology systems
Hard technologies
31
The portion of the assistive technology system with which the user interacts
Human/technology interface (HTI)
32
A communication device or application, including radio, television, mobile phones, computers and network hardware and software, satellite systems, and the services and applications associated with them
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
33
Devices (and services) that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and computers
Mainstream products
34
Mechanical components comprising the processor in the assistive technology portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model
Mechanisms
35
Devices that are intended to be used in the community, typically battery powered, and lightweight
Mobile technologies
36
Component of an assistive technology device that translates inputs from the human and the environmental sensor into signals that are used to control the activity output
Processor
37
Are the human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery
Soft technologies
38
The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design
Universal design
39
The portion of a device that portrays information for the human user
User display
40
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that defines what the individual needs or wants to do when using assistive technology
Activity
41
An occupational therapy process that involves deconstructing an activity followed by an analysis of the affective, cognitive, physical, and sensory processes required for its completion and the environmental contexts that enable it
Activity Analysis
42
The components of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health that identify the physiological functions of body systems
Body Structures and Functions
43
Theoretical framework about well-being, development, and justice. It claims that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and is to be understood in terms of people’s capabilities, that is, their real opportunities to do and be what they have reason to value. It suggests that the simple provision of human rights is insufficient if the human does not have the opportunity to enact those rights
Capability Theory
44
Person’s potential optimal performance of an activity given favorable and supportive circumstances
Capacity
45
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes the influence of physical, social, cultural, and institutional environments or contexts on the access to, service delivery, and use of assistive technology
Contexts
46
An occupation in which two or more people are involved that cannot be done by a single person alone, e.g., teaching is a co-occupation that involves a learner and a teacher engaging with each other in the occupation of learning
Co-occupation
47
The shared beliefs, practices, values, and meanings that influence acceptance and use of technology
Cultural Context
48
Person who displays a high degree of competence when using an assistive technology device and who is able to use the device in novel ways or across novel situations
Expert
49
The right to an education of every child with a disability; established under the United States Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
50
Behaviors, usually physical but including mental, that are performed at a preconscious level as a result of experience and repetition (Christiansen, 2005)
Habits
51
A model guiding assistive technology research and development, service delivery, and outcome evaluation. It consists of four parts: (1) activity, (2) human, (3) context, and (4) assistive technologies
Human Activity Assistive Technology (HAAT) Model
52
Written plan, mandated by law under the 1992 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, outlining an individual’s vocational goal, and the services to be provided to reach the goal. It must include provision for acquisition of appropriate and necessary assistive technology devices and services
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
53
Written plan, mandated by law under the 1992 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, outlining an individual’s vocational goal, and the services to be provided to reach the goal. It must include provision for acquisition of appropriate and necessary assistive technology devices and services
Individualized Plans for Employment
54
Formal legal, legislative acts, and regulations; policies, practice, and procedures at other institutional levels such as educational, work, organizational, and community settings; and sociocultural institutions such as religious institutions
Institutional Context
55
Classification system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for coding and classifying elements of the person, activity, and environment to describe the interaction of these elements with a health condition and their collective influence on functioning
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Impairment (ICF)
56
Activities done for recreation, often involving a significant element of choice
Leisure
57
The time from birth to death; a lifespan approach considers both the commonalities and discrepancies that individuals experience at different ages and stages of life
Lifespan
58
Process of developing and using sufficient vocabulary to enable the use of a device, for example, use of a wheelchair requires linguistic competence related to concepts of direction and space
Linguistic Competence
59
Occurs when the needs of an individual or group for participation in needed or desired occupations are ignored or denied
Marginalization
60
Personal or collective perspective of an experience or situation. It is influenced by everyday experiences, transactions, and engagement with others (direct and indirect) and interaction with objects in the environment
Meaning
61
User who has little to no experience in the use of an assistive technology device
Novice
62
Everything that people do to look after themselves and others, to contribute to their community and society, and to have fun and relax
Occupation
63
How a person does an occupation. Occupational performance may be observable, as in the physical doing of an occupation, or not, as in the performance of mental operations
Occupational Performance
64
The affective component of occupational performance, describing the perception of the performance by the individual or group engaged in the occupation
Occupational Satisfaction
65
Skills required for the individual and his aides to use the basic features of the assistive technology device
Operational Competence
66
Involvement in a life situation
Participation
67
Describes what a person actually does
Performance
68
Physical attributes of the environment that enable, hinder or affect performance of daily activities with or without assistive technology
Physical Context
69
Commonly understood to be occupations involving work, volunteering, or other contributions to the community
Productivity
70
Any change to a job, the work environment, or the way things are usually done that does not impose an undue hardship and that allows an individual with a disability to apply for a job, perform job functions, or enjoy equal access to benefits available to other individuals in the workplace
Reasonable Accommodation
71
A set of socially agreed upon (expectations), functions, or obligations that involve patterns, scripts, or codes of behavior, routines, habits, and occupation that a person assumes and which become part of that person’s social identity
Roles
72
Commonly considered to be occupations that include activities of daily living such as dressing, eating, and instrumental activities of daily living such as using transportation and banking
Self-care
73
The personal sense of how well
one can perform an activity in an anticipated situation
Self-efficacy
74
Individuals or groups in the environment who affect the performance of daily activities, either with or without assistive technology, directly or indirectly
Social Context
75
Social, emotional, and cognitive skills and behaviors needed for successful use of assistive technology. For example, social competence is required when selecting vocabulary in an alternative and augmentative communication device
Social Competence
76
A mark of shame; an attribute that discredits the person who possesses it
Stigma
77
Skills in the use of strategies that maximize the effectiveness of the assistive technology system
Strategic Competence
78
A network-based connectivity in which every electronic device used on a regular basis has both computing power and is linked to other devices through local networks or the Internet
Ambient Environment
79
The right to self-determination and freedom from unnecessary constraints or interference without the loss of privacy
Autonomy
80
An ethical principle ensuring that actions lead to good results that benefit the others
Beneficence
81
Principles designed to guide the allocation of the benefits and burdens of economic activity
Distributive Justice
82
A formal code of conduct that guides behavior in different situations; includes professional codes of ethics
Ethics
83
The ethical principle that requires clinical practice in assistive technology is carried out with honesty, integrity, and trustworthy behavior
Fidelity
84
Process for getting permission before conducting an intervention. It includes two aspects: (1) not subjecting the individual to control by others without their explicit consent and (2) respectful interaction when presenting information, probing for understanding, and attempting to enable autonomous decision making
Informed Consent
85
Legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered
Justice
86
Nod no harm
Nonmaleficence
87
Being free from being observed or disturbed by other people
Privacy
88
The state of being protected or safe from harm
Security
89
Free choice of one’s own acts or states without external compulsion
Self-Determination
90
A mark of shame; an attribute that discredits the person who possesses it.
Stigma
91
It refers to monitoring an individual’s actions. It may occur in a living facility or in the broader community.
Surveillance
92
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
Activity Output
93
The affective aspects related to how a device looks
Aesthetics
94
A process through which information about the client is gathered and analyzed in a systematic manner with the purpose of identifying appropriate assistive technologies (hard and soft) and developing a plan for intervention
Assessment
95
The portion of the service delivery process in which the client’s sensory, physical, language, and cognitive skills and affect are assessed, as well as the client’s past experience with assistive technology and the contexts in which the assistive technology will be used
Assessment Phase
96
The degree to which the sensory and motor components of the human auditory system function
Auditory Function
97
Involvement of the client, the user of the assistive technology device and relevant others, in the service delivery process to identify and pursue client goals; to recognize the client and his subjective experiences as central to the service delivery process
Client-Centered Practice
98
The thinking process that guides the health care professional’s decision- making process. Four types of clinical reasoning have been identified: procedural, interactive, conditional, and narrative
Clinical Reasoning
99
Includes mental processes of orientation, attention, memory, and executive function
Cognitive Skills
100
The recognition of a need for assistive technology services that triggers a referral for services
Criteria for Service
101
A measurement in which the person’s own skill level when using an assistive technology system is used as the performance standard
Criterion-Referenced Measurement
102
The shared beliefs, practices, values, and meanings that influence acceptance and use of technology
Cultural Context
103
General properties of the hard technology portions of an assistive technology system
Device Characteristics
104
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
Environmental Sensor
105
The modification or control of a process or system by its results or effects (e.g., visual, auditory, or tactile); the output of the system that provides information to the user about the operation of the device
Feedback
106
Ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements
Flexibility
107
The portion of the service delivery process that determines whether the system as a whole is functioning effectively; usually occurs after a set length of time from an initial or ongoing evaluation
Follow-Up
108
Consists of standardized outcome measurements and systematic data collection processes that evaluate general function and the specific outcomes of assistive
technology use
Formal Evaluation
109
Monetary resources that are available for certain types of assistive technology.
Funding
110
The portion of the service delivery process in which the recommended technology is ordered, modified, and fabricated as necessary; set up; delivered to the client; and initial training takes place
Implementation Phase
111
A method of evaluating client’s needs by observation or interview
Informal Evaluation
112
Formal legal, legislative acts, and regulations; policies, practice, and procedures at other institutional levels such as educational, work, organizational, and community settings; and sociocultural institutions such as religious institutions
Institutional Context
113
The ability to successfully communicate using such tools as sequencing items, using symbol systems, combining language elements into complex thoughts, and using codes
Language Skills
114
The amount or size of a measurement; when considering force, magnitude is measured in Newtons, pounds or kilograms
Magnitude
115
The properties of the assistive technology device that allow it to be mounted or positioned so that the client has reliable access to it
Mountability
116
The portion of the assessment during which more detailed specification of the user’s assistive technology needs is made
Needs Identification
117
The ranking of the performance of the individual or system according to a sample of scores others have achieved on the task
Norm-Referenced Measurements
118
Measures used to evaluate the end result of the assistive technology intervention
Outcome Measures
119
Skills required for the individual and his aides to use the basic features of the assistive technology device
Operational Competence
120
A document or device containing information that an individual uses to assist in the completion of an activity
Performance Aid
121
Properties of the device that allow it to be mounted or positioned so that the client has reliable access to it, the portability of the device, the size and weight, and its aesthetics (appearance and color)
Physical Construction
122
Physical attributes of the environment that enable, hinder or affect performance of daily activities with or without assistive technology
Physical Context
123
Physical characteristics of an assistive device including, but not limited to, size and weight, texture, hardness, mountability, portability, and aesthetics
Physical Properties
124
The physical capacity and ability of an individual to perform an action; usually describes a motor behavior
Physical Skill
125
Measure of the degree to which a device can be moved from place to place
Portability
126
Measure of how accurately the assistive technology system performs the functions and how exactly it accomplishes its task
Precision
127
A measurement in which an indefinite amount or number is obtained
Quantitative Measurement
128
Assumes that each individual has a different experience and that it is important to provide the opportunity to capture that experience. There is no attempt to measure a particular construct. Rather, the purpose is to describe and understand the user’s experience with the technology. Qualitative assessments may include observation, either directly or by videotape, or interview with the client and others
Qualitative Measurement
129
(of an environmental sensor) Interval of the signal values for which it can be detected by the environmental sensor
Range
130
The portion of the assessment in which the client, or someone close to the client, has identified a need for which assistive technology intervention may be indicated and contacts an assistive technology practitioner. Basic information is gathered and a determination of the match between the services provided and the identified needs of the client is made. Funding is also identified and secured at this stage
Referral and Intake
131
An estimation of the consistency of a test when administered in different circumstances
Reliability
132
Performance of the human sensory systems, including hearing, vision, taste, tactile, somatosensory, olfaction, and vestibular
Sensory Functions
133
All facets of the process that starts with the identification of the client’s needs for assistive technology and culminates with the ongoing outcome evaluation of the use of acquired technology
Service Delivery
134
Individuals or groups in the environment who affect the performance of daily activities, either with or without assistive technology, directly or indirectly
Social Context
135
The perception and interpretation of information through touch, either via actively touching something or passively receiving touch
Somatosensory or Tactile Function
136
Skills in the use of strategies that maximize the effectiveness of the assistive technology system
Strategic Competence
137
A situation in which the person stops using a device even though the need for which the device has been obtained still exists
Technology Abandonment
138
(of an environmental sensor) The smallest signal that can be discerned from background noise by an environmental sensor
Threshold
139
Extent to which the results of a test permits appropriate inferences to be made about the client’s abilities, skills, and knowledge
Validity
140
The ability to translate visual signals into meaningful information
Visual Skills
141
The ability to give meaning to visual information
Visual Perception
142
An augmentative and alternative communication or computer access technique in which a shortened form of a word or phrase (the abbreviation) stands for the entire word or phrase (the expansion); abbreviations are automatically expanded by the device
Abbreviation Expansion
143
A method used for selection of an item in a scanning system that is based on the user’s pausing for a preset period, after which the entry is made
Acceptance Time
144
Items are presented continuously by the device at an adjustable rate, with selection of the choice made by activating a signal (e.g., pressing a switch) that stops the scan; entry is by an additional signal (e.g., pressing again the switch) or acceptance time
Automatic Scanning
145
A form of indirect selection in which the individual uses a distinct sequence of movements to input a code for each item in the selection set
Coded Access
146
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control Interface
147
The body sites that can be used to control a device
Control Sites
148
Sound stored in electronic memory circuits for later retrieval
Digital Recording
149
An approach in which the individual is able to use the control interface to indiscriminately choose any of the items in the selection set
Direct Selection
150
An approach in which the user activates the control interface to select the direction of the scan, vertically or horizontally, and then sends a signal to stop at the desired choice; entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Direct scanning
151
An approach that is used to increase the rate of selection during scanning by grouping the selection set and allowing the user to first select a group and then the desired item in the group
Group item scanning
152
An approach in which there are intermediary steps involved in making a selection; includes scanning and coded access; typically the control interface used is a single switch or an array of switches
Indirect selection
153
An approach in which the scan is initiated by the individual activating and holding a signal (e.g., pressing and holding a switch), with selection of the desired item indicated by deactivating the signal (e.g., releasing the switch); entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Inverse scanning
154
An approach in which the selection set is organized in a linear (straight- line) format
Linear scanning
155
Aspects of speech that give it a human quality, generated by changes in amplitude, pitch, and duration
Prosodic features
156
Circular scanning; An approach in which the selection set is organized in a circular pattern
Rotary scanning
157
- A form of group-item
scanning in which the items are arranged in a matrix and the row is first selected by a signal activation (e.g., switch press), then the item is selected from that row by a second signal activation (e.g. second switch press); entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Row/column scanning
158
most common indirect selection method in which the selection set is presented by a display and is sequentially scanned by a cursor or light on the device, with the user selecting the desired choice by activating a signal (e.g., pressing a switch) when the choice is indicated by the display; entry is by an additional signal (e.g., switch press) or acceptance time
Scanning
159
Approaches allowing the user to make choices from the selection set; includes scanning, directed scanning, and coded access
Selection methods
160
The items available from which user choices are made; in augmentative and alternative communication devices, this is the component that presents the symbol system and possible vocabulary selections to the user
Selection set
161
The generation of human- sounding speech by use of electronic circuits and computer software
Speech synthesis
162
An approach in which the user activates a signal (e.g., presses a switch) once for each item to move through the choices in the selection set; entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Step scanning
163
Programs that analyze a word or sentence and translate it into the codes required by a speech synthesizer
Text to speech programs
164
A technique that displays stored words on the basis of the sequence of entered keys; the user selects the desired word (e.g., by entering the number listed next to the word) or continuing to enter letters if the desired word is not displayed
Word completion
165
A technique that displays stored words on the basis of previous words entered
Word prediction
166
A method used for selection of an item in a scanning system that is based on the user’s pausing for a preset period, after which the entry is made
Acceptance time
167
The effort, displacement, flexibility, and durability required to activate a control interface
Activation characteristics
168
The effort, displacement, flexibility, and durability required to deactivate (release) a control interface
Deactivation Characteristics
169
The set of assistive device functions available to the user
Command domain
170
Keyboard in which the letters and numbers are replaced with pictures, symbols, or words that represent the concepts being used or taught
Concept Keyboards
171
Aids and strategies that enhance or extend the physical control (range or resolution) a person has available to use a control interface
Control Enhancers
172
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control Interface
173
An approach used when multiple devices are controlled and each has its own control interface
Distributed Controls
174
The number of independent inputs, or signals, generated by the control interface; inputs may be either discrete or continuous
Input Domain
175
An approach used when multiple devices are controlled with one control interface
Integrated Controls
176
Emulation method that uses a video image of the keyboard on the video screen, together with a cursor
On screen keyboard
177
Significantly reduced (or absent) muscle strength preventing the use of certain effectors
Paralysis
178
The maximal extent of movement possible in a joint
ROM
179
The smallest separation between two objects that the effector can reliably control
Resolution
180
Auditory, somato- sensory, and visual feedback produced during the activation of a control interface
Sensory characteristics
181
An addition to a keyboard that blocks out certain keys
Shield
182
The overall physical size (dimensions) and shape of the control interface, the number of targets available for activation, the size of each target, and the spacing between targets
Spatial characteristics
183
Accessibility options built into the Mac OSX operating system
Accessibility (OSX)
184
Programs that enable accessibility to devices
Accessibility software
185
A mobile phone operating system
Android
186
Software that enables a particular function or supports an activity on a computer, mobile phone, or tablet
Application program
187
A wireless standard for short-range communication between devices
Bluetooth
188
A type of control function used with electronic aids to daily living that results in successively greater or smaller degrees of output (e.g., closing the blinds, dimming the lights)
Continuous input
189
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control interface
190
Accessibility options built into the Windows operating system
Ease of access
191
Advocacy initiative launched in December 2006 by the United Nations Global Alliance for ICT and Development, in cooperation with the Secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Its vision is that, in our digital world, solutions shall be made available for human beings of all abilities and ages to equally benefit from information and communication technologies to learn, work, communicate, acquire information, socialize, transact, be safe and healthy, and fully participate in public life as citizens
Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and Communication Technologies (G3ict)
192
A communication device or application, including radio, television, mobile phones, computers and network hardware and software, satellite systems, and the services and applications associated with them
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
193
A control interface containing an array of switches. Can be of varying sizes and shapes with the individual switches also varying in size and shape
Keyboard
194
Proprietary computer bus and power connector present in mobile devices manufactured by Apple, Inc.
Lighting port
195
The capability of an operating system to pause while running one software program to run another program
Multitasking
196
The operating system used by desktop computers manufactured by Apple, Inc.
On-Screen Keyboards OSX
197
An international coalition of individuals and organizations working to ensure that the Internet, and everything available through it, is accessible to people experiencing accessibility barriers due to disability, literacy, or age
Raising the Floor (RtF)
198
The characteristics of an emulator that are customized for an individual application and user
Setup
199
Interface required to connect switches and joysticks to a mainstream information and communication technology (ICT) device
Switch Interface
200
- A control interface that allows selection by tapping, dragging, or other graphical movements (e.g., pinching or swiping)
Touchscreen
201
A serial bus standard to interface devices originally designed for computers but now commonplace on video game consoles, tablets, portable DVD and media players, mobile phones, televisions, home stereo equipment (e.g., mp3 players), car stereos, and portable memory devices
USB port
202
An operating system developed by Microsoft Corp used by computers from several manufacturers
Windows
