Vocab Flashcards
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that defines what the individual needs or wants to do when using assistive technology
Activity
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
Activity Output
A process through which information about the client is gathered and analyzed in a systematic manner with the purpose of identifying appropriate assistive technologies (hard and soft) and developing a plan for intervention
Assessment
A broad range of devices, services, strategies, and practices that are conceived and applied to ameliorate the problems faced by individuals who have disabilities
Assistive Technology
Any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device
Assistive Technology Service
An ethical principle ensuring that actions lead to good results that benefit the others
Beneficence
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes the influence of physical, social, cultural, and institutional environments or contexts on the access to, service delivery, and use of assistive technology
Context
Models of different levels or components that form a system, which is viewed as an interactive and dynamic whole. Change in one component affects all others
Ecological Models
Someone or something that facilitates the performance of an occupation
Enabler
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
Environmental Sensor
A formal code of conduct that guides behavior in different situations; includes professional codes of ethics
Ethics
Practice and service delivery that is informed by clinical and research evidence
Evidence Informed
Readily available components that can be purchased and assembled into assistive technology systems
Hard Technology
Component of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes a person who uses assistive technology; includes the user’s abilities in motor, sensory, cognitive, and affective areas.
Human
Fundamental opportunities or actions that belong to an individual and that cannot be denied by governmental or other organizations or persons
Human Rights
The portion of the assistive technology system with which the user interacts
Human/Technology Interface (HTI)
Devices (and services) that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and computers
Mainstream Technology
An ethical principle meaning do no harm
Nonmaleficence
The process used to determine whether a given intervention has achieved the intended outcome. May be determined for both an individual and a group
Outcome Evaluation
Component of an assistive technology device that translates inputs from the human and the environmental sensor into signals that are used to control the activity output
Processor
Equitable access to rights and resources, initially from an economic perspective, but subsequently includes equal access to basic rights and freedom of choice
Social Justice
Are the human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery
Soft Technology
Describes how well the person is able to access and use device functionality
Usability
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
Activity output
A broad range of devices, services, strategies, and practices that are conceived and applied to ameliorate the problems faced by individuals who have disabilities
Assistive technologies (ATs)
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control interface
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
Environmental sensor
Pervasive technology that facilitates everyday tasks and activities (e.g., remote controls, microwave ovens, mobile phones)
Everyday technologies (ETs)
The allocation of functions in any human/device system in which some functions are allocated to the human, some to the device, and some to the personal assistant services
Function allocation
Readily available components that can be purchased and assembled into assistive technology systems
Hard technologies
The portion of the assistive technology system with which the user interacts
Human/technology interface (HTI)
A communication device or application, including radio, television, mobile phones, computers and network hardware and software, satellite systems, and the services and applications associated with them
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
Devices (and services) that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and computers
Mainstream products
Mechanical components comprising the processor in the assistive technology portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model
Mechanisms
Devices that are intended to be used in the community, typically battery powered, and lightweight
Mobile technologies
Component of an assistive technology device that translates inputs from the human and the environmental sensor into signals that are used to control the activity output
Processor
Are the human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery
Soft technologies
The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design
Universal design
The portion of a device that portrays information for the human user
User display
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that defines what the individual needs or wants to do when using assistive technology
Activity
An occupational therapy process that involves deconstructing an activity followed by an analysis of the affective, cognitive, physical, and sensory processes required for its completion and the environmental contexts that enable it
Activity Analysis
The components of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health that identify the physiological functions of body systems
Body Structures and Functions
Theoretical framework about well-being, development, and justice. It claims that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and is to be understood in terms of people’s capabilities, that is, their real opportunities to do and be what they have reason to value. It suggests that the simple provision of human rights is insufficient if the human does not have the opportunity to enact those rights
Capability Theory
Person’s potential optimal performance of an activity given favorable and supportive circumstances
Capacity
The portion of the human activity assistive technology (HAAT) model that describes the influence of physical, social, cultural, and institutional environments or contexts on the access to, service delivery, and use of assistive technology
Contexts
An occupation in which two or more people are involved that cannot be done by a single person alone, e.g., teaching is a co-occupation that involves a learner and a teacher engaging with each other in the occupation of learning
Co-occupation
The shared beliefs, practices, values, and meanings that influence acceptance and use of technology
Cultural Context
Person who displays a high degree of competence when using an assistive technology device and who is able to use the device in novel ways or across novel situations
Expert
The right to an education of every child with a disability; established under the United States Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
Behaviors, usually physical but including mental, that are performed at a preconscious level as a result of experience and repetition (Christiansen, 2005)
Habits
A model guiding assistive technology research and development, service delivery, and outcome evaluation. It consists of four parts: (1) activity, (2) human, (3) context, and (4) assistive technologies
Human Activity Assistive Technology (HAAT) Model
Written plan, mandated by law under the 1992 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, outlining an individual’s vocational goal, and the services to be provided to reach the goal. It must include provision for acquisition of appropriate and necessary assistive technology devices and services
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Written plan, mandated by law under the 1992 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, outlining an individual’s vocational goal, and the services to be provided to reach the goal. It must include provision for acquisition of appropriate and necessary assistive technology devices and services
Individualized Plans for Employment
Formal legal, legislative acts, and regulations; policies, practice, and procedures at other institutional levels such as educational, work, organizational, and community settings; and sociocultural institutions such as religious institutions
Institutional Context
Classification system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for coding and classifying elements of the person, activity, and environment to describe the interaction of these elements with a health condition and their collective influence on functioning
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Impairment (ICF)
Activities done for recreation, often involving a significant element of choice
Leisure
The time from birth to death; a lifespan approach considers both the commonalities and discrepancies that individuals experience at different ages and stages of life
Lifespan
Process of developing and using sufficient vocabulary to enable the use of a device, for example, use of a wheelchair requires linguistic competence related to concepts of direction and space
Linguistic Competence
Occurs when the needs of an individual or group for participation in needed or desired occupations are ignored or denied
Marginalization
Personal or collective perspective of an experience or situation. It is influenced by everyday experiences, transactions, and engagement with others (direct and indirect) and interaction with objects in the environment
Meaning
User who has little to no experience in the use of an assistive technology device
Novice
Everything that people do to look after themselves and others, to contribute to their community and society, and to have fun and relax
Occupation
How a person does an occupation. Occupational performance may be observable, as in the physical doing of an occupation, or not, as in the performance of mental operations
Occupational Performance
The affective component of occupational performance, describing the perception of the performance by the individual or group engaged in the occupation
Occupational Satisfaction
Skills required for the individual and his aides to use the basic features of the assistive technology device
Operational Competence
Involvement in a life situation
Participation
Describes what a person actually does
Performance
Physical attributes of the environment that enable, hinder or affect performance of daily activities with or without assistive technology
Physical Context
Commonly understood to be occupations involving work, volunteering, or other contributions to the community
Productivity
Any change to a job, the work environment, or the way things are usually done that does not impose an undue hardship and that allows an individual with a disability to apply for a job, perform job functions, or enjoy equal access to benefits available to other individuals in the workplace
Reasonable Accommodation
A set of socially agreed upon (expectations), functions, or obligations that involve patterns, scripts, or codes of behavior, routines, habits, and occupation that a person assumes and which become part of that person’s social identity
Roles
Commonly considered to be occupations that include activities of daily living such as dressing, eating, and instrumental activities of daily living such as using transportation and banking
Self-care
The personal sense of how well
one can perform an activity in an anticipated situation
Self-efficacy
Individuals or groups in the environment who affect the performance of daily activities, either with or without assistive technology, directly or indirectly
Social Context
Social, emotional, and cognitive skills and behaviors needed for successful use of assistive technology. For example, social competence is required when selecting vocabulary in an alternative and augmentative communication device
Social Competence
A mark of shame; an attribute that discredits the person who possesses it
Stigma
Skills in the use of strategies that maximize the effectiveness of the assistive technology system
Strategic Competence
A network-based connectivity in which every electronic device used on a regular basis has both computing power and is linked to other devices through local networks or the Internet
Ambient Environment
The right to self-determination and freedom from unnecessary constraints or interference without the loss of privacy
Autonomy
An ethical principle ensuring that actions lead to good results that benefit the others
Beneficence
Principles designed to guide the allocation of the benefits and burdens of economic activity
Distributive Justice
A formal code of conduct that guides behavior in different situations; includes professional codes of ethics
Ethics
The ethical principle that requires clinical practice in assistive technology is carried out with honesty, integrity, and trustworthy behavior
Fidelity
Process for getting permission before conducting an intervention. It includes two aspects: (1) not subjecting the individual to control by others without their explicit consent and (2) respectful interaction when presenting information, probing for understanding, and attempting to enable autonomous decision making
Informed Consent
Legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered
Justice
Nod no harm
Nonmaleficence
Being free from being observed or disturbed by other people
Privacy
The state of being protected or safe from harm
Security
Free choice of one’s own acts or states without external compulsion
Self-Determination
A mark of shame; an attribute that discredits the person who possesses it.
Stigma
It refers to monitoring an individual’s actions. It may occur in a living facility or in the broader community.
Surveillance
The action that is replaced or augmented by an assistive device, including communication, cognition, manipulation, and mobility
Activity Output
The affective aspects related to how a device looks
Aesthetics
A process through which information about the client is gathered and analyzed in a systematic manner with the purpose of identifying appropriate assistive technologies (hard and soft) and developing a plan for intervention
Assessment
The portion of the service delivery process in which the client’s sensory, physical, language, and cognitive skills and affect are assessed, as well as the client’s past experience with assistive technology and the contexts in which the assistive technology will be used
Assessment Phase
The degree to which the sensory and motor components of the human auditory system function
Auditory Function
Involvement of the client, the user of the assistive technology device and relevant others, in the service delivery process to identify and pursue client goals; to recognize the client and his subjective experiences as central to the service delivery process
Client-Centered Practice
The thinking process that guides the health care professional’s decision- making process. Four types of clinical reasoning have been identified: procedural, interactive, conditional, and narrative
Clinical Reasoning
Includes mental processes of orientation, attention, memory, and executive function
Cognitive Skills
The recognition of a need for assistive technology services that triggers a referral for services
Criteria for Service
A measurement in which the person’s own skill level when using an assistive technology system is used as the performance standard
Criterion-Referenced Measurement
The shared beliefs, practices, values, and meanings that influence acceptance and use of technology
Cultural Context
General properties of the hard technology portions of an assistive technology system
Device Characteristics
The portion of a sensory device that detects data from the physical environment
Environmental Sensor
The modification or control of a process or system by its results or effects (e.g., visual, auditory, or tactile); the output of the system that provides information to the user about the operation of the device
Feedback
Ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements
Flexibility
The portion of the service delivery process that determines whether the system as a whole is functioning effectively; usually occurs after a set length of time from an initial or ongoing evaluation
Follow-Up
Consists of standardized outcome measurements and systematic data collection processes that evaluate general function and the specific outcomes of assistive
technology use
Formal Evaluation
Monetary resources that are available for certain types of assistive technology.
Funding
The portion of the service delivery process in which the recommended technology is ordered, modified, and fabricated as necessary; set up; delivered to the client; and initial training takes place
Implementation Phase
A method of evaluating client’s needs by observation or interview
Informal Evaluation
Formal legal, legislative acts, and regulations; policies, practice, and procedures at other institutional levels such as educational, work, organizational, and community settings; and sociocultural institutions such as religious institutions
Institutional Context
The ability to successfully communicate using such tools as sequencing items, using symbol systems, combining language elements into complex thoughts, and using codes
Language Skills
The amount or size of a measurement; when considering force, magnitude is measured in Newtons, pounds or kilograms
Magnitude
The properties of the assistive technology device that allow it to be mounted or positioned so that the client has reliable access to it
Mountability
The portion of the assessment during which more detailed specification of the user’s assistive technology needs is made
Needs Identification
The ranking of the performance of the individual or system according to a sample of scores others have achieved on the task
Norm-Referenced Measurements
Measures used to evaluate the end result of the assistive technology intervention
Outcome Measures
Skills required for the individual and his aides to use the basic features of the assistive technology device
Operational Competence
A document or device containing information that an individual uses to assist in the completion of an activity
Performance Aid
Properties of the device that allow it to be mounted or positioned so that the client has reliable access to it, the portability of the device, the size and weight, and its aesthetics (appearance and color)
Physical Construction
Physical attributes of the environment that enable, hinder or affect performance of daily activities with or without assistive technology
Physical Context
Physical characteristics of an assistive device including, but not limited to, size and weight, texture, hardness, mountability, portability, and aesthetics
Physical Properties
The physical capacity and ability of an individual to perform an action; usually describes a motor behavior
Physical Skill
Measure of the degree to which a device can be moved from place to place
Portability
Measure of how accurately the assistive technology system performs the functions and how exactly it accomplishes its task
Precision
A measurement in which an indefinite amount or number is obtained
Quantitative Measurement
Assumes that each individual has a different experience and that it is important to provide the opportunity to capture that experience. There is no attempt to measure a particular construct. Rather, the purpose is to describe and understand the user’s experience with the technology. Qualitative assessments may include observation, either directly or by videotape, or interview with the client and others
Qualitative Measurement
(of an environmental sensor) Interval of the signal values for which it can be detected by the environmental sensor
Range
The portion of the assessment in which the client, or someone close to the client, has identified a need for which assistive technology intervention may be indicated and contacts an assistive technology practitioner. Basic information is gathered and a determination of the match between the services provided and the identified needs of the client is made. Funding is also identified and secured at this stage
Referral and Intake
An estimation of the consistency of a test when administered in different circumstances
Reliability
Performance of the human sensory systems, including hearing, vision, taste, tactile, somatosensory, olfaction, and vestibular
Sensory Functions
All facets of the process that starts with the identification of the client’s needs for assistive technology and culminates with the ongoing outcome evaluation of the use of acquired technology
Service Delivery
Individuals or groups in the environment who affect the performance of daily activities, either with or without assistive technology, directly or indirectly
Social Context
The perception and interpretation of information through touch, either via actively touching something or passively receiving touch
Somatosensory or Tactile Function
Skills in the use of strategies that maximize the effectiveness of the assistive technology system
Strategic Competence
A situation in which the person stops using a device even though the need for which the device has been obtained still exists
Technology Abandonment
(of an environmental sensor) The smallest signal that can be discerned from background noise by an environmental sensor
Threshold
Extent to which the results of a test permits appropriate inferences to be made about the client’s abilities, skills, and knowledge
Validity
The ability to translate visual signals into meaningful information
Visual Skills
The ability to give meaning to visual information
Visual Perception
An augmentative and alternative communication or computer access technique in which a shortened form of a word or phrase (the abbreviation) stands for the entire word or phrase (the expansion); abbreviations are automatically expanded by the device
Abbreviation Expansion
A method used for selection of an item in a scanning system that is based on the user’s pausing for a preset period, after which the entry is made
Acceptance Time
Items are presented continuously by the device at an adjustable rate, with selection of the choice made by activating a signal (e.g., pressing a switch) that stops the scan; entry is by an additional signal (e.g., pressing again the switch) or acceptance time
Automatic Scanning
A form of indirect selection in which the individual uses a distinct sequence of movements to input a code for each item in the selection set
Coded Access
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control Interface
The body sites that can be used to control a device
Control Sites
Sound stored in electronic memory circuits for later retrieval
Digital Recording
An approach in which the individual is able to use the control interface to indiscriminately choose any of the items in the selection set
Direct Selection
An approach in which the user activates the control interface to select the direction of the scan, vertically or horizontally, and then sends a signal to stop at the desired choice; entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Direct scanning
An approach that is used to increase the rate of selection during scanning by grouping the selection set and allowing the user to first select a group and then the desired item in the group
Group item scanning
An approach in which there are intermediary steps involved in making a selection; includes scanning and coded access; typically the control interface used is a single switch or an array of switches
Indirect selection
An approach in which the scan is initiated by the individual activating and holding a signal (e.g., pressing and holding a switch), with selection of the desired item indicated by deactivating the signal (e.g., releasing the switch); entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Inverse scanning
An approach in which the selection set is organized in a linear (straight- line) format
Linear scanning
Aspects of speech that give it a human quality, generated by changes in amplitude, pitch, and duration
Prosodic features
Circular scanning; An approach in which the selection set is organized in a circular pattern
Rotary scanning
- A form of group-item
scanning in which the items are arranged in a matrix and the row is first selected by a signal activation (e.g., switch press), then the item is selected from that row by a second signal activation (e.g. second switch press); entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Row/column scanning
most common indirect selection method in which the selection set is presented by a display and is sequentially scanned by a cursor or light on the device, with the user selecting the desired choice by activating a signal (e.g., pressing a switch) when the choice is indicated by the display; entry is by an additional signal (e.g., switch press) or acceptance time
Scanning
Approaches allowing the user to make choices from the selection set; includes scanning, directed scanning, and coded access
Selection methods
The items available from which user choices are made; in augmentative and alternative communication devices, this is the component that presents the symbol system and possible vocabulary selections to the user
Selection set
The generation of human- sounding speech by use of electronic circuits and computer software
Speech synthesis
An approach in which the user activates a signal (e.g., presses a switch) once for each item to move through the choices in the selection set; entry is by an additional signal or acceptance time
Step scanning
Programs that analyze a word or sentence and translate it into the codes required by a speech synthesizer
Text to speech programs
A technique that displays stored words on the basis of the sequence of entered keys; the user selects the desired word (e.g., by entering the number listed next to the word) or continuing to enter letters if the desired word is not displayed
Word completion
A technique that displays stored words on the basis of previous words entered
Word prediction
A method used for selection of an item in a scanning system that is based on the user’s pausing for a preset period, after which the entry is made
Acceptance time
The effort, displacement, flexibility, and durability required to activate a control interface
Activation characteristics
The effort, displacement, flexibility, and durability required to deactivate (release) a control interface
Deactivation Characteristics
The set of assistive device functions available to the user
Command domain
Keyboard in which the letters and numbers are replaced with pictures, symbols, or words that represent the concepts being used or taught
Concept Keyboards
Aids and strategies that enhance or extend the physical control (range or resolution) a person has available to use a control interface
Control Enhancers
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control Interface
An approach used when multiple devices are controlled and each has its own control interface
Distributed Controls
The number of independent inputs, or signals, generated by the control interface; inputs may be either discrete or continuous
Input Domain
An approach used when multiple devices are controlled with one control interface
Integrated Controls
Emulation method that uses a video image of the keyboard on the video screen, together with a cursor
On screen keyboard
Significantly reduced (or absent) muscle strength preventing the use of certain effectors
Paralysis
The maximal extent of movement possible in a joint
ROM
The smallest separation between two objects that the effector can reliably control
Resolution
Auditory, somato- sensory, and visual feedback produced during the activation of a control interface
Sensory characteristics
An addition to a keyboard that blocks out certain keys
Shield
The overall physical size (dimensions) and shape of the control interface, the number of targets available for activation, the size of each target, and the spacing between targets
Spatial characteristics
Accessibility options built into the Mac OSX operating system
Accessibility (OSX)
Programs that enable accessibility to devices
Accessibility software
A mobile phone operating system
Android
Software that enables a particular function or supports an activity on a computer, mobile phone, or tablet
Application program
A wireless standard for short-range communication between devices
Bluetooth
A type of control function used with electronic aids to daily living that results in successively greater or smaller degrees of output (e.g., closing the blinds, dimming the lights)
Continuous input
The hardware (e.g., keyboard, joystick) by which the user operates an assistive technology system or controls a device
Control interface
Accessibility options built into the Windows operating system
Ease of access
Advocacy initiative launched in December 2006 by the United Nations Global Alliance for ICT and Development, in cooperation with the Secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Its vision is that, in our digital world, solutions shall be made available for human beings of all abilities and ages to equally benefit from information and communication technologies to learn, work, communicate, acquire information, socialize, transact, be safe and healthy, and fully participate in public life as citizens
Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and Communication Technologies (G3ict)
A communication device or application, including radio, television, mobile phones, computers and network hardware and software, satellite systems, and the services and applications associated with them
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
A control interface containing an array of switches. Can be of varying sizes and shapes with the individual switches also varying in size and shape
Keyboard
Proprietary computer bus and power connector present in mobile devices manufactured by Apple, Inc.
Lighting port
The capability of an operating system to pause while running one software program to run another program
Multitasking
The operating system used by desktop computers manufactured by Apple, Inc.
On-Screen Keyboards OSX
An international coalition of individuals and organizations working to ensure that the Internet, and everything available through it, is accessible to people experiencing accessibility barriers due to disability, literacy, or age
Raising the Floor (RtF)
The characteristics of an emulator that are customized for an individual application and user
Setup
Interface required to connect switches and joysticks to a mainstream information and communication technology (ICT) device
Switch Interface
- A control interface that allows selection by tapping, dragging, or other graphical movements (e.g., pinching or swiping)
Touchscreen
A serial bus standard to interface devices originally designed for computers but now commonplace on video game consoles, tablets, portable DVD and media players, mobile phones, televisions, home stereo equipment (e.g., mp3 players), car stereos, and portable memory devices
USB port
An operating system developed by Microsoft Corp used by computers from several manufacturers
Windows
