Vocab Flashcards
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a BMI of 30 or greater.
Obesity
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology
Kinesiology
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer reviewed research) and prioritizing client values and expectations.
Evidence-based practice
The combined interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body
Musculoskeletal system
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
Deconditioned
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9
Overweight
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
Muscle imbalance
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement.
Joint stability
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.
Socioeconomic status
The state of having a disease
Morbidity
A state or a risk of death or dying.
Mortality
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium.
Homeostasis
any medical condition that occurs suddenly and can be treated and health in a short period of time.
Acute disease
A medical condition that persists for a long duration or cannot be cured altogether, typically lasting for 3 months or more.
Chronic disease
Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.
Risk factor
A waxy, fat-like substance found in bodily cells
Cholesterol
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel
Stroke
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction.
Heart attack
A condition in which the heat can’t pump enough blood to meat the body’s needs.
Heart failure
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen suppose to the body.
Heart valve problem
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern.
Arrhythmia
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
Ischemic heart disease
The process by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.
Atherosclerosis
Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).
Physical activity
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
The pressure on arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The pressure on arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrates usage and enhances usage of fat and protein.
Diabetes
The simplest form of carbohydrates used by the body for energy.
Glucose
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistance
A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer
A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non reversible) asthma.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A group of hormone secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain.
Endorphins
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
Skeletal muscle
A stretching or tearing of ligaments.
Sprain
An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain.
Plantar fasciitis
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).
Patellar tendinitis
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior crucial ligaments of the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear
Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.
Shoulder impingement syndrome
The various monetary requirements associated with the day-to-day running of a business.
Operational costs
An exercise training method defined by intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.
Adherence
An individual who has been identified as a potential client.
Prospect
A system for learning about the needs of a potential client to be able to identify and present a number of solutions for those needs.
Sales process
Nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no answer; they require critical thinking to formulate a response.
Open-ended questions
A rapport-building technique where fitness professionals walk around the gym floor talking to members without overtly presenting a sale.
Working the floor
A relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well.
Rapport
A business management technique that helps predict how much work is needed to meet a revenue goal.
Forecasting
Highlighting unique skills or traits during a sales presentation that allow an individual to stand out from the competition.
Unique selling proposition (USP)
A product or service identified by specific, unique characteristics.
Brand
A professional development technique that helps individuals identify their personal strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for growth, and potential threats to success.
SWOT analysis
An area of science that focuses on people, and in particular, how the mind and feelings may influence behaviors.
Psychology
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action
Adherence
The intensity and direction of someone’s effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior.
Motivation
Describe when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior.
Amotivation
When someone participate in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from others.
Extrinsic motivation
When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction.
Intrinsic motivation
When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction.
Intrinsic motivation
Goals focused on the end result
Outcome goals
Refers to the process of goal pursuit
Process goals
The intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior.
Social support
A specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique.
Social physique anxiety
Describe a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation
Ambivalence
The actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen. In the context of exercise it can include driving a person to a health club or paying for the gym membership.
Instrumental support
The encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another, which includes being caring, empathetic, and showing concern.
Emotional support
Providing accurate, current, and informative information
Informational support
When someone engages in a behavior with and individual, often observed in an exercise setting where people exercise with a friend or partner.
Companionship support
The way someone evaluates their own self worth physically, emotionally, and socially.
Self-esteem
The way someone view their physical self or visualizes their body.
Body image
A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts, which disrupts the body’s natural sleep cycle.
Sleep apnea
Acting in accordance with how one wants to behave
Autonomy
A communal space separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others.
Third space
Client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior
Behavior change techniques (BCTs)
One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence
Self-efficacy
Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log.
Self-monitoring
Refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior.
Determinants of behavior
A broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation.
Self-determination theory
The expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior
Outcome expectations
An evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior
Perceived behavioral control
Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment
Affective judgement
Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior
Subjective norms
Client does not exercise and it’s not planning to start within 6 months
Precontemplation
When a person is thinking about implementing change but has not yet taken any steps to get started; an individual may take action within the next 6 months
Contemplation
The client intends to act in the near future, usually within the next month
Preparation
The client has made specific modifications in their exercise routine within the past 6 months
Action
The client has been exercising for more than 6 months and is working to prevent relapse
Maintenance
Reflects the clients’ weighing of the pros and cons of changing
Decisional balance
A relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well.
Rapport
The process of listening to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly.
Reflective listening
Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying; requires the listener to fully concentrate to understand the speaker’s message.
Active listening
Short sentences that continue the client’s thoughts and add momentum to the conversation
Collecting summaries
Summaries that tie together information the client has presented, perhaps even from previous sessions
Linking summaries
Summaries used to wrap up a session or announce a shift in focus
Transitional summaries
Positive statements about character strengths
Affirmations
Client-centered directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
Motivational interviewing
An internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self
Self-discrepancy
Talk that represents and predicts movement away from change
Sustain talk
Talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change
Change talk
A behavior change technique that links a goal directed response to situational cues by specifying when, where, and how to act.
Implementation intentions
A behavior change technique that involves anticipating barriers to goal action and proactively preparing strategies that prioritize intentional behavior over counterproductive habitual responses.
Coping plans
Internal dialogue in which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives himself or herself instructions and reinforcement.
Self-talk
Replacing negative statements with positive statements
Reverse listing
The act of saying “stop” out loud to undesired statements
Stopping
When people believe the exact content of their own thoughts
Cognitive fusion
The process created to produce internalized experiences
Imagery
When a person imagines appearance or health-related outcomes
Appearance imagery
When a person creates mental images that increase energy and/or relieve stress
Energy imagery
When individuals mentally rehearse their technique
Technique imagery
The process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance
Psyching up
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Human movement system (HMS)
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Kinetic chain
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.
Nervous system
A specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cells genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Nucleus
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Organelles
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell
Mitochondria
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response
Effector sites
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium and magnesium
Electrolytes
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system, (CNS)
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system
Afferent pathway
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Efferent pathway
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons
Interneurons
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces, (touch and pressure) within tissues, and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
Mechanoreceptors
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
Somatic nervous system
A division of the peripheral nervous system, that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body, e.g. circulating, blood digesting, food, producing hormones
Automatic nervous system
Sub division of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state
Sympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the atomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
Parasympathetic nervous system
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory function
The body’s ability to naturally sense it’s general orientation and relative position of its parts
Proprioception
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision, making which produces an appropriate response
Integrative function
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information
Motor function
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Muscle spindles
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
Stretch reflex
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension, and rate of tension change
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of the joint
Joint receptors
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individuals entire life span
Neuroplasticity
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Neurocircuitry
Specific movements, through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems
Motor skills
A description of the bones in the body
Skeletal system
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture
Osteoporosis
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction
JointS
A division of the skeletal system, consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system, consisting of the arms, legs and pelvic girdle
Appendicular skeleton
Rigid rods where muscles attach
Levers
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure
Remodeling
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Osteoclasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Scientific explanation of how remodeling occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
Wolff’’s Law
Flattened or indented portions of bone
Depressions
Projections protruding from the bone were tendons and ligaments can attach
Processes
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical thoracic and lumbosacral regions
Vertebral column
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae
Spinal cord
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers in assist with movement
Intervertebral discs
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load, and can most optimally support functional movement
Neutral spine
Movement of a limb that is visible
Osteokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide or glide, and spin
Arthrokinematics
A joint with a fluid filled joint capsule
Synovial joints
A gliding joints that moves and only one plain either back-and-forth or side to side
Non-axial joint
Joints that have no joint capsule fibrous, connective, tissue or cartilage in the uniting structure
Non-synovial joints
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Ligament
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Collagen
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures
Elastin
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Growth plate
