Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Autonomy
A
patient’s need for self-determination.
2
Q
Beneficence
A
The ethical principle that means “do good” for the patient.
3
Q
Chief Complaint
A
brief statement telling why the patient is seeking care.
4
Q
HPI
A
Step by step evaluation of surrounding the patients reason for seekin gmedical care
5
Q
Nonmaleficence
A
The ethical principle that means “do no harm” to the patient
6
Q
Past Medical History (PMH)
A
Statement of the patient’s overall health prior to the onset of the present complaint
7
Q
Family History (FMH)
A
Information about the health of family members to identify a possible health risk for the patient; this should include ages (ages at death) and the casues of death.
8
Q
Social History (SocH)
A
Work, marriage, diet, exercise, sxual and military experiences, uses of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs.
9
Q
Review of Systems (ROS)
A
An area where you question the patient about possible complaints for different body systems.
10
Q
Utilitarianism
A
A theory that defines the appropriate use of resources as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number
11
Q
Values
A
The ideals, customs, institutions and behaviors regarded by a specific group
12
Q
Acromegaly
A
A growth disorder associated with the pituitary tumor.
13
Q
Afebrile
A
Without a fever. Between 36-38 degrees C. 97-100.4 degrees F.
14
Q
Body mass index
A
A parameter used to provide guidance regarding the appropriateness of weight for height.
15
Q
Failure to thrive
A
A sign defined by growth in an infant or child below the 3rd or 5th percentiles on growth chart
16
Q
Febrile
A
Greater than 100.4 degrees F or 38 degrees C
17
Q
Gestational age
A
An indicator of a newborn’s maturity
18
Q
Head circumfrence
A
Measurement that should be obtained on each visit until 2 years of age.
19
Q
Hypertensive
A
Increased blood pressure
20
Q
Hydrocephalus
A
A condition that results from excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain or ventricular system
21
Q
Hypotensive
A
Low blood pressure
22
Q
Normotensive
A
Normal blood pressure
23
Q
Orthostatic hypotension
A
Hypotension occuring when a person assumes an erect position. Systolic blood pressure decrease of at least 20 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mm Hg with a reflex increase in heart rate within three minutes of standing.
24
Q
Pulse Pressure
A
The variation in blood pressure occuring in an artery during the cardiac cycle; it is the difference between the systolic, or maximum, and diastolic, or minimum, pressures. A reading of 30-50 is considered in the normal range.
25
Respiratory Rate
About 12-20 breaths per minute in adults
26
Alopecia
Hair loss
27
Angular Cheilosis
Reddish inflammation of the lip or lips and production of fissures that radiate from the angles of the mouth.
28
Anosmia
Absence of the sense of smell. It may be due to lesion of the olfactory nerve, obstruction of the nasal fossae, or functional, without any apparent causative lesion.
29
Caries
microbial destruction or necrosis of teeth
30
Cerumen
The soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal. Ear Wax
31
Cheilitis
Inflammation and cracking of the lips
32
Cholesteatoma
A mass of keratinizing squamous epithelium and cholesterol in the middle ear, usually caused by chronic otitis media, with squamous metaplasia or extension of squamous epithelium inward to line an expanding cystic cavity that may involve the mastoid and erode surrounding bone.
33
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose
34
Epstein pearls
Multiple small, white, epithelial inclusion cysts found in the midline of teh palate in newborn infants.
35
Fordyce spots
Ectopic sebaceous glands of teh buccal mucosa appearing as small yellow-white raised lesions found on the inner surface and vermilion border of the lips
36
Frenulum
Small fold of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
37
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gingiva (gums)
38
Koplik's spots
Small red spots with bluish-white centers on the buccal mucosa opposite the molar teeth appearing in the prodromal stage of measles
39
Leukoplakia
Circumscribed, firmly attached, thick white patches on the tongue and other mucous membranes, often occuring as a precancerous growth. Often this is associated with pipe smoking and snuff.
40
Oropharynx
Area of the throat that is located between the mouth and nasopharynx
41
Otitis externa
Inflammation of teh external auditory canal, usually due to bacterial or fungal infection; swimming, cerumen accumulation, foreign body, and trauma may all be predisposing factors.
42
Otitis media
Inflammation/infection of the mucous membrane and underlying parts of the pharynx
43
Peritonsillar abscess
Deep infection in the space between the soft palate and tonsil.
44
Pharyngitis
Inflammation/infection of the mucous membrane and underlying parts of the pharynx
45
Presbycusis
The impairment of hearing due to aging
46
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
47
Rhinorrhea
A thin watery discharge from the nose
48
Tinnitus
An auditory sensation in the absence of sound heard in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing, hissing or clicking
49
Tophi
Small, whitish uric acid crystals along the peripheral margins of the auricles in persons who may have gout.
50
Torus mandibularis
A bony protuberance on the lingual aspect of the lower jaw in the canine-premolar region
51
Torus palatinus
A bony protuberance in the midline of teh hard palate
52
Tympanosclerosis
The formation of dense connective tissue in the middle ear, often resulting in hearing loss when the ossicles are involved
53
Accomodation
Adjustment of teh eye for various distances through modifications of the lens curvature
54
Anisocoria
Inequality of the diameter of th epupils; may be normal or congenital. Often normal if inequality is within 1 mm.
55
Aphakia
A condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is abscent, usually because of surgical removal for the treatment of cataracts
56
Aqueous humor
The watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amounts of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. It circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.
57
Corneal arcus
Opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age. This is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or the hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid disorder, most commony type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age (if seen in younger people it is called arcus juvenilis).
58
Astigmatism
An abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
59
Cataracts
Opacity of the lens, most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging
60
Chalazion
Small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion
61
Choriod
The middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers
62
Ciliary body
The thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown and ciliary muscle
63
Cones
The photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina
64
Conjunctiva
The mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids
65
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies: Commonly called pinkeye
66
Cornea
The clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface. It is the3 chief refractory structure of the eye
67
Depth perception
Perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance.
68
Diabetic retinopathy (Background)
A condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
69
Diabetic retinopathy (Proliferative)
A condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retinatoward the vitreous humor
70
Diopter
Refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as a unit of measurement in refraction.
71
Diplopia
The condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision).
72
Drusen
Tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head.
73
Ectropion
Eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid
74
Entropion
Inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of teh lower eyelid
75
Exophthalmos
An increase in the volume of the orbital content. causing a protrusion of the globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected
76
Farsightedness
An error of refraction in which, with accomodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina
77
Glaucoma
A disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cuppin appearance of the optic nerve, An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness.
78
Hemianopia
Blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes
79
Hordeolum (sty)
A suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
80
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
A refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina
81
Hyphema
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris.
82
Iris
The colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. By contraction and dilation it regulates the entrance of light
83
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris
84
Legal blindness
In the United States, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye
85
Miosis
Abnormal contraction of pupils
86
Myopia (nearsightedness)
A condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina.
87
Night blindness
Decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A
88
Nystagmus
Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed
89
Papilledema
Edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of disfunction of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure
90
Peripheral vision
Vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula
91
Pinguecula
A harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus
92
Presbyopia
Hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age.
93
Pterygium
A triangular (patch like) thickeningof the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea
94
Ptosis
The drooping of one or both upper eyelids
95
Punctum
The tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct
96
Red Reflex
A response caused by light illuminating the retina
97
Refraction
The act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses
98
Retina
The sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve
99
Retinitis pigmentosa
A chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium
100
Retinoblastoma
An embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually durin gthe first two years of life. Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil. (Cat's eye reflex).
101
Rods
The photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones
102
Sclera
A tough white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye. It extends from the optic nerve to the cornea.
103
Scleritis
Superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera
104
Strabismus
A condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently
105
Uveitis
Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea.
106
Vitreous Body
A transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor).
107
Adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal Auscultated Breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and fric tion rub
108
Apnea
A temporary halt to breathing
109
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lung
110
Barrel Chest
Increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of dyphosis; commonly seen with COPD
111
Bronchophony
An exaggeration of vocal resonance emanating from a bronchus surrounded by consolidadated lung tissue
112
Bronchoiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
113
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Disease process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
114
Dyspnea
Difficult and labored breathing, shortness of breath
115
Egophony
The auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (e's become stuffy broad a's). May present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue
116
Hemoptysis
The coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum from the respiratory tree
117
Kyphosis
An increased convex curvature of the thoracic spine
118
Normal vesicular breath sounds
Heard over most of of the lung fields; low pitch, soft and short expirations
119
Normal tubular breath sounds
Heard only over trachea, high pitch; loud and long expirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration
120
Normal bronchovesicular sounds
Heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch' expiration equals inspiration
121
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath that begins or increases when the patient lies down
122
Pectoriloquy
A striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so they are clearly audible through the stethoscope, commonly occurs from lung consolidation
123
Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon chest)
Forward protrusion of the sternum
124
Pectus excavatum (Funnel chest)
depression of the sternum
125
Resonance
Quality of the sound heard on percussion of a hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen
126
Tachypnea
Rapid, usually shallow, breathing
127
Tactile fremitus
A tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation
128
Whispered pectoriloquy
The transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible speech, commonly, detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increase in the volume of voice sounds)
129
Areola
Pigmented area surrounding the nipple
130
Galactorrhea
Lactation not associated with childbearing
131
Gynecomastia
Abnormally large mammary glands in the male; sometimes may excrete milk
132
Lactation
The production and secretion of milk from the breast
133
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast
134
Mastodynia
Pain in the breast
135
Thelarche
The beginning of female pubertal breast development
136
Angina
Severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris
137
Arrhythmia
Loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat
138
Bradycardia
Slow beating of the heart, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute
139
Bruit
A harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one
140
Palpitations
Forcible or irregular pulsation of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity in rhythm
141
Tachycardia
Rapid beatin gof the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute.
