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Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3’-UTR

A

sequence of nucleotides at the 3’ end that are not translated to amino acids
- affects stability of mRNA
- regulates translation of mRNA protein coding sequence

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2
Q

5′ UTR

A

nucleotide sequence at 5’ end
- does not encode amino acids

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3
Q

antibiotics

A

stop growth or kill bacteria

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4
Q

Competent

A

ability to take up DNA from environment

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5
Q

Contigs

A

DNA sequences/segments that overlap in a way that provides a continuous representation of a genomic region

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6
Q

CRISPR

A

foreign DNA defense for bacteria and archaea
- molecular tool for precisely cutting DNA –> can edit the genome

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7
Q

Depurination

A

loss of purine (A or G)

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8
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that initiates silencing of RNA
- recognizes double-stranded RNA and cuts into small RNAs

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9
Q

Euchromatin

A

chromatin that undergoes normal process of condensation and decondensation in the course of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Exons

A

parts of gene that encode amino acids of a protein

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11
Q

Germline

A

reproductive cells
- i.e. germline mutation: mutation in reproductive cells

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12
Q

Glycine

A

simplest stable amino acid

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13
Q

Heatmap

A

color and intensity of boxes represent change in gene expression
row represents gene
column represents sample
Green means downregulated
red is upregulated
Color intensity indicates amount of change
Genes are clustered by their similar response
Patterns
Genes in a cluster are compared for related functions

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14
Q

Heterochromatin

A

chromatin that remains in highly condensed state throughout cell cycle
- found at centromeres and telomeres of most chromatins

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15
Q

histone acetylation

A

neutralizes charge on histones
- chromatin relaxed
- allows greater levels of gene transcription

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16
Q

Introns

A

noncoding sequences
- usually cut out

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17
Q

Ligase

A

enzyme that catalyzes formation of phosphodiester between adjacent 5’ oh and 3’ phosphate groups without adding another nucleotide to the strand]

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18
Q

Looping

A
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19
Q

loxP

A

cre: recombinase enzyme, recognizes loxp sequences, cuts out sequences in between them

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20
Q

Methylated

A

DNA molecule that has methyl groups added to it

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21
Q

Methylation

A

process of adding methyl groups to DNA molecule

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22
Q

Missense (mutation)

A

base substitution that results in different amino acid in protein encoded

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23
Q

Nonsense

A

stop codon
- nonsense mutation that results in stop codon

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24
Q

Palindromes

A

DNA sequence that reads the same in both directions
usually where endonuclease cuts incoming viral DNA

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25
Q

Plasmid

A

small DNA segment

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25
Q

Primase

A

enzyme that synthesizes short segments RNA nucleotides (primers)
- provides 3’ OH group for attachment of DNA nucleotide

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26
Q

Probe

A

__________ sequence is annealed to target
Rate depends on length of _________ sequence
-_________ may be labeled for detection
Labeled _________ hybridizes to mRNA in cells

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27
Q

Proline

A

_____________ is rigid
- _____________ (inflexible) are important for turns

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28
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence that initiates transcription

indicates:
- direction of transcription
- which of two strands is read as template
- starting point of transcription

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29
Q

Reversion

A

alteration in DNA that reverses the effects of a prior mutation

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30
Q

RISC

A

RNA induced silencing complex
small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) with proteins that can cleave mRNA
- leads to degredation of mRNA or repression of its translation

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31
Q

RNA-Seq

A

Determines identity and quantity of every RNA in sample. RNA is extracted,
converted to cDNA. Sequencing adaptors are added. Mass sequencing and Single cell
sequencing is possible

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32
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophages carry DNA from one bacterium to another
- infect and kill cell –> picks up DNA from cell –> transfers to next cell it tries to infect

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33
Q

Transformation

A

bacterium takes up DNA from environment

34
Q

Translocation

A

segment of chromosome switched exchanged with segment of another chromosome

35
Q

Vectors

A

DNA fragments used to carry DNA to other cells

36
Q

forced cloning

A

cut both plasmids and insert with 2 enzymes

37
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

38
Q

Centromeres

A

microtubules attach to kinetochore at __________
_____________ has many highly repeated sequences, Few genes

39
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygote has both traits
i.e. ABO blood type and flower color

40
Q

Enveloped

A

inside membrane
__________ viruses are less stable in the environment

41
Q

Epistatic

A

masks the effect of a different hypostatic gene

42
Q

Epistatic

A

masks the effect of a different hypostatic gene

43
Q

Frameshift

A

The ________ to a new reading frame results in a different protein

44
Q

G1/S

A

cell monitors size and DNA integrity. Is the cell’s DNA intact and suitable for replication?

45
Q

G2/S

A

makes sure chromosomes have replicated properly

46
Q

Homologous

A

__________ chromosomes act independently in mitosis (but not in meiosis)
1st meiotic division: __________ chromosomes separate

47
Q

Host range

A

Viruses have a ____ _____ i.e., need the right receptor
Segments 4 and 6 are used to classify viruses e.g., H1N1. These specify ____ _____, encoding surface proteins
Some viruses have a broad ____ _____ e.g., rabies

48
Q

immediate early genes

A

take over host metabolism

49
Q

Independent

A

Homologous chromosomes act _________ in mitosis (but not in meiosis)

50
Q

Kinetochores

A

nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle anchors to _________

51
Q

LTR

A

long terminal repeat - pair of identical sequences of DNA
________ is involved in integration in host genome.
_________ on either end contains the promoter
Note that downstream ________ may turn on downstream genes

52
Q

monohybrid cross

A

in a ________ __________ parents differ in a single trait, which breed true,
F1 generation all one trait – dominant, F2 generation – 3:1 ratio

53
Q

Penetrance

A

percentage of phenotypes actually expressed within population that has genotype
Phenotypes are not always expressed: ________, expressed as a percentage

54
Q

Proband

A

the person from whom the pedigree is initiated
individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied

55
Q

Pseudoautosomal

A

Parts of Y chromosome (_________ regions) are homologous to X, come
together in meiosis
_________ regions attends of y chromosome
Crosses indicate _________ regions, where crossovers can occur

56
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA
as a template for DNA synthesis

57
Q

Sister

A

Anaphase: _______ chromatids separate
2nd meiotic division: _______ chromatids separate

58
Q

Sry

A

gene that turns on other genes to initiate the program of testis development
gene on Y chromosome that determines maleness
Spiny rat has no Y chromosome and no ____ gene

59
Q

Testcross

A

If you don’t know the genotype e.g., T_, how can you determine it by crossing?
Cross with homozygous recessive i.e., tt

60
Q

X-linked

A

Red-green colorblindness is a _______ recessive trait
In Drosophila, ______ genes are expressed twice as much

61
Q

Acrocentric

A

Describes a chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to, but not at, one end

62
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

chromosome sets from different species
Hybridization between different but related species
Hybrid is diploid, has 2 copies of the information to make a plant (2n).
But it’s sterile.
- Abnormal segregation in meiosis
Rarely, nondisjunction creates an allotetraploid (4n)
Produces functional gametes
- Cabbage-radish hybrid

63
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

all chromosome sets come from a single species
- Can occur in mitosis – if cell division doesn’t occur
This is an autotetraploid cell
Can be chemically induced

64
Q

Carrier

A

a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele

65
Q

Coupling

A

(cis configuration): one chromosome contains both wild-type alleles,
one chromosome contains both mutant alleles

66
Q

Deamination

A

Methylation protects C from _____________
- Spontaneous or chemically-induced. Changes an amino group to a ketone.

67
Q

Double crossovers

A

reduce apparent distance between loci; looks like a
nonrecombinant, which skews the numbers

68
Q

Expressivity

A

degree to which different phenotypes are expressed

69
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

rastic reduction in population size
Loss of alleles. Survivors may not reflect original population

70
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
loss of alleles
causes of __________: founder effect and bottleneck

71
Q

Haplotype

A

area of linked genetic variations in the human genome
Set of SNPs on a region of DNA, Generally inherited together and used for mapping genes
When a trait-causing mutation occurs, that person has a particular ______ i.e., a set of SNP genotypes in the immediate vicinity of the gene. That ______ will be inherited as a unit through the generations (LD)

72
Q

Hemimethylated

A

Repair enzymes detect abnormal base-pairing at mismatch in newly replicated DNA. How does it distinguish old from new DNA? Bacterial DNA is methylated on A at GA*TC sites. New DNA is ______________.

73
Q

Hypomorph

A

Loss-of-function mutations
have partial function

74
Q

Hypostatic

A

gene that is masked by another gene (epistatic)
An epistatic gene masks the effect of a different _________ gene
means underneath

75
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote has intermediate phenotype

76
Q

Nonrecombinants

A

no recombination
similar to original/parent DNA
Most gametes will contain _______________
strategy in 3-point testcross: Determine the __________ Highest number of progeny, Determine the double recombinants. Lowest number of progeny, Determine the middle gene from this

77
Q

Overdominance

A

Heterozygote advantage

78
Q

Reciprocal

A

Duplications and deletions can be caused by improper lining up at meiosis. Possibly by synapsis at repeated sequences. These are _________ rearrangements.- In translocations, pieces move between chromosomes
Generally ___________ translocations
- Recombination between non-homologous chromosomes. May be at repeated sequences
Generally ___________ translocations

79
Q

Repulsion

A

(trans configuration): wild-type allele and mutant allele are found on the same chromosome.

80
Q

Robertsonian

A

Between 2 acrocentric chromosomes. Result is 45 chromosomes. May be viable if small chromosome lacks essential genes

81
Q

Somatic

A

body cells, diploid
______ mutations are not passed down

82
Q

Telocentric

A

centromere at end
All mouse (but not rat) chromosomes are _________. Humans have no _________ chromosomes

Genetics (5 decks)

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