vocab

Question 1

condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis

Answer 1

two molecules combine to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water

Question 2

hydrolysis

Answer 2

when a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds; splits polymers into smaller molecules

Question 3

how many times can carbon bond to atoms of other elements?

Answer 3

can form 4 bonds since it has 4 vacant (shareable) electrons

Question 4

fully saturated fat

Answer 4

all the double bonds are replaced with single bonds

Question 5

monounsaturated fat

Answer 5

fats with a single bond

Question 6

polyunsaturated fat

Answer 6

fats with many double bonds

Question 7

organic compounds

Answer 7

contains element of Carbon and at least 1 Hydrogen atom; foundation in which cells are built

Question 8

4 major families of small compounds

Answer 8

Sugars, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides

Question 9

monomer

Answer 9

organic compounds that account for 10% of the organic material in a cell; can form polymers

Question 10

polymers

Answer 10

when monomers are linked together on the body

Question 11

cleavage

Answer 11

molecule splits into 2 smaller ones

Question 12

carbohydrates

Answer 12

consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; used as structural materials, transportation, and storage for energy

Question 13

Monosaccharides

Answer 13

has 2-OH groups bonded to carbon; main fuel source

Question 14

isomers

Answer 14

molecules with identical numbers and kinds of atoms, but with different structures and shapes; Glucose and Fructose

Question 15

Oligosaccharide

Answer 15

short chain of covalently bonded sugar monomers

Question 16

disaccharide

Answer 16

consists of 2 sugar units

Question 17

lactose

Answer 17

sugar found in milk consists of 1 glucose and 1 galactose

Question 18

sucrose

Answer 18

most plentiful sugar in nature; has a glucose and fructose monosaccharide

Question 19

polysaccharide

Answer 19

straight/branched chains of sugar molecules of the same or different types

Question 20

lipids

Answer 20

fats that have 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 21

triglycerides

Answer 21

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol; body’s most abundant lipids; richest energy source

Question 22

phospholipid

Answer 22

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic head with a phosphate group and another polar group

Question 23

waxes

Answer 23

long chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings; repel water

Question 24

cutin

Answer 24

waxy substance found on the outer walls of the epidermal cells forming the cuticle; prevent water loss

Question 25

suberin

Answer 25

waxy substance found in the walls of cork cells; prevent water loss

Question 26

proteins

Answer 26

function as enzymes (increase reaction rate up to 1 billion times), structure, transport mechanisms in cell membrane, hormones, and immunity

Question 27

amino acid

Answer 27

organic compound consisting of an amino group (basic), carboxyl group (acidic), hydrogen atom, and 1 or more atoms called its R group; there are 20 amino acids

Question 28

polypeptide chain

Answer 28

3 or more amino acids are joined together

Question 29

primary structure

Answer 29

protein’s amino acid sequence

Question 30

secondary structure

Answer 30

when amino acids favor a pattern of bonding that causes part of the polypeptide chain to coil and twist into a helix

Question 31

tertiary structure

Answer 31

forms when a domain, or many domains, fold up into one another (barrel shaped)

Question 32

domain

Answer 32

polypeptide chain that has become self organized as a structurally stable functional unit

Question 33

quaternary structure

Answer 33

final proteins consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains held together by Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds

Question 34

denaturation

Answer 34

breaking weak bonds of a protein or any other large molecule disrupts its 3D shape

Question 35

nucleotides

Answer 35

monomers of nucleic acids; consists of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base with a single or double ring structure

Question 36

purines

Answer 36

contain a double ring of Carbon and Nitrogen atoms (lArGe molecule)

Question 37

pyrimidines

Answer 37

contain a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Question 38

ATP

Answer 38

energy molecule of the body; phosphates are stripped off and energy is released

Question 39

Coenzymes

Answer 39

enzyme helpers that accept hydrogen atoms and electrons that are stripped from a molecules reaction site at 1 end, and then transfers them to different sites in the cell

Question 40

NAD+ (NADH or NADPH)

Answer 40

used during aerobic respiration (a nucleotide coenzyme); carries electrons and hydrogen

Question 41

FAD

Answer 41

type of nucleotide coenzyme

Question 42

In DNA…

Answer 42

there are 4 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine); have the same sugar and phosphate but different nitrogenous base -> hydrogen bonds occur between these bases