Vocab Flashcards
observation
knowledge received through senses or instrumentation
fact
known to be consistent with reality
law
summarizes past observations, predicts future ones
hypothesis
tentative interpretation, can be tested through observation
theory
an explanation about the world that has been ‘proven’ by experiments/facts gathered over time
accurate
close to the ‘correct’ value being measured
precise
measurements that are close together and repeatable
homonuclear
molecule of atoms of the same type
heteronuclear
molecule of atoms of different types
law of conservation of mass
mass is neither created or destroyed
law of definite proportions
all compounds of the same kind will always have the same ratio of elements
law of multiple proportions
compounds will always give ratio of elements in small, whole numbers
cathode ray experiment
discovered charge/mass ratio of electrons
oil drop experiment
determined separate charge and mass of electrons
gold foil experiment
discovered positively charged nucleus at center of atom
bombardment experiment
discovered neutrons in the nucleus
heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
you cannot know position and momentum of an object at the same time
pauli exclusion principle
electrons cannot have identical quantum values, e.g one must be spin up and the other spin down, and only two electrons can fill an orbital
aufbau principle
fill electrons from lowest to highest energy
hund’s rule
each electron get’s its own room before pairing up with another
isoelectric
species that have the same electron configuration
paramagnetic
electron configurations with unpaired electrons
diamagnetic
electron configurations with NO unpaired electrons, all orbitals are completely filled
photoelectric effect
electrons ejected when light is shined on metal surface (brighter light = more electrons)
double-slit diffraction
wave interferes with itself and pattern of peaks emerges
electromagnetic radiation
light is made up of oscillating electric and magnetic waves
constructive interference
waves line up, amplitudes double
destructive interference
waves are not lined up, cancel each other out
schrodingers cat
until you observe a system, it is in a superposition of all states (cat is alive and dead at the same time)
degeneracy
states with the same energy
coulomb’s law
potential energy due to electron attractions and repulsions
shielding
valence electrons do not feel as strong of a pull from the nucleus due to other electrons “in the way”
penetration
lower l value, better penetration
ionic bonding
electrostatic forces holding atoms together, “donating” electrons
covalent bonding
sharing of electrons
metallic bonding
“sea of electrons” holding atom together
resonance
more than one acceptable lewis structure
steric number
number of atoms and lone pairs bonded to central atom, total # of lines and dots
how to count VESPR
any kind of bond = 1, lone pair = 1
radical molecule
uneven number of valence electrons