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Environmental Science > Vocab 1 > Flashcards

Vocab 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

The idea that the environment can meet the needs of the current generation without sacrificing the needs of future generations

A

Sustainability

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1
Q

Any material or substance provided by the environment for humans to use

A

Natural Resource

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2
Q

The individual will sacrifice the long-term good of the society to satisfy their immediate, short-term needs

A

Tragedy of the Commons

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3
Q

Management of a finite resource in order to reach sustainable conditions for current and future generations

A

Conservation

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4
Q

Study of how people use their limited resources to satisfy their needs

A

Economics

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5
Q

Resources provided by the environment for production and consumption of goods and services

A

Natural capital

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6
Q

Includes all living organisms and the physical environment they occupy

A

Ecosystem

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7
Q

Resources and processes supplied by natural ecosystems as a result of the cycling of energy and matter

A

Ecosystem services

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8
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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9
Q

Matter with constant volume and constant shape (does not deform under pressure)

A

Solid

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10
Q

Matter with constant volume but has no definite shape (assumes the shape of its container)

A

Liquid

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11
Q

Matter with indefinite volume and shape (assumes both the size and shape of its container)

A

Gas

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12
Q

Smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of that element

A

Atom

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13
Q

Pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom that makes up all matter

A

Element

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14
Q

Positively charged elements

A

Cations

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15
Q

Negatively charged elements

A

Anions

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16
Q

Group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecules

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17
Q

Capacity or ability to do work; two main forms: potential and kinetic

A

Energy

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18
Q

Done when force is applied to an object and that object moves a given distance in the direction of the force

A

Work

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19
Q

Any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change

A

Force

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20
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential energy

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21
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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22
Q

Description of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

A

Temperature

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23
Q

Energy transfer from one body to another

A

Heat

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24
Q

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius

A

Heat capacity

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25
Q

Consists of multiple interacting parts with defined boundaries

A

System

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26
Q

Everything outside of the system

A

Surroundings

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27
Q

Isolated system that doesn’t exchange energy with its surroundings

A

Closed system

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28
Q

Exchanges energy with surroundings (all natural systems are this)

A

Open system

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29
Q

Measure of randomness of a system (amount of energy lost)

A

Entropy

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30
Q

Production of organic molecules from inorganic substances

A

Photosynthesis

31
Q

Occurs when organisms use stored sugars to perform work and release energy

A

Cell respiration

32
Q

Manufacture organic molecules from simple inorganic substances using energy of sunlight

A

Producer (autotrophs)

33
Q

Organisms that use the bodies of other organisms as a food source

A

Consumer (heterotroph)

34
Q

Break down dead organic material for energy

A

Decomposer

35
Q

Describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species

A

Symbiosis

36
Q

Any interaction between two species that benefits both

A

Mutualism

37
Q

Relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

A

Commensalism

38
Q

Relationship between two different kinds or organisms in which the parasite receives benefits from the other by causing damage to its host

A

Parasitism

39
Q

Process by which organisms vie for environment resources

A

Competition

40
Q

All interactions in which one organism consumes all or part of another

A

Predation

41
Q

Position or role of an organism in its ecosystem: how an organism makes a living and how it in turn affects other organisms

A

Ecological niche

42
Q

Ecological change in an area where no biological organisms previously existed

A

Primary succession

43
Q

Ecological change in an area after a disturbance (natural disaster)

A

Secondary succession

44
Q

Amount of sunlight striking the Earth’s surface

A

Insolation

45
Q

Reflectivity of materials

A

Albedo

46
Q

Process by which deep water currents are produced due to density and temperature differences of the water

A

Thermohaline circulation

47
Q

Solidify and crystallize from magma either deep within the Earth or at the Earth’s surface

A

Igneous rock

48
Q

Occur when changes in pressure and temperature alter pre-existing rocks to produce new ones

A

Metamorphic rock

49
Q

Form when pieces of other rocks are cemented together or from biochemical processes

A

Sedimentary rock

50
Q

Outer, rocky portion of the Earth that contains the oceanic crust, continental crust, and the upper area of the mantle; it is brittle and rigid

A

Lithosphere

51
Q

Mid-layer of the mantle; due to great pressure and heat, rocks here behave like semi-plastic: they can be bent and stretched

A

Asthenosphere

52
Q

Plates move apart from each other; new molten rock upwells here to create new crust

A

Divergent plate boundaries

53
Q

Plates collide into each other - different densities create subduction zones

A

Convergent plate boundaries

54
Q

Plates move horizontally past each other

A

Transform plate boundaries

55
Q

Movement of heat in the mantle; determines direction and speed of plates

A

Mantle convection

56
Q

Areas where rocks fracture and one side moves relative to the other

A

Faults

57
Q

Vibration caused by the sudden release of energy within the subsurface

A

Earthquake

58
Q

Force applied to an object that results in strain

A

Stress

59
Q

Deformation in rocks; can be either brittle or ductile

A

Strain

60
Q

Results in rupture in the Earth (faults)

A

Brittle deformation

61
Q

Plastic deformation; results in folds

A

Ductile deformation

62
Q

Opening in the Earth’s crust which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface

A

Volcano

63
Q

Areas where magma from the mantle upwells to the surface

A

Hot spots

64
Q

Steep-sided volcanoes that erupt explosively but infrequently

A

Stratovolcanoes

65
Q

Large, low-profile cones built from basaltic lava

A

Shield volcanoes

66
Q

Study of matter and the transformations of matter

A

Chemistry

67
Q

Study of energy and its transformations

A

Thermodynamics

68
Q

Study of relationships between organisms and how organisms interact with their environment

A

Ecology

69
Q

Movement of water from the atmosphere down to the Earth’s surface

A

Precipitation

70
Q

Movement of water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere

A

Evaporation

71
Q

Movement of water across the Earth’s surface

A

Runoff

72
Q

Movement of water from the Earth’s surface to its sub-surface

A

Infiltration

73
Q

Involve the transport and transformation of pure chemical substances throughout the Earth

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

74
Q

Invisible layer of gases that surround the Earth held in place by gravity

A

Atmosphere

75
Q

Earth’s four spheres

A
  • atmosphere
  • hydrosphere
  • biosphere
  • lithosphere

Environmental Science (4 decks)

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