Vocab #1

Question 1

Polar molecule

Answer 1

uneven distribution of charge, meaning it has both positive and negative regions due to differences in electronegativity among its atoms

Question 2

Hydrogen bond

Answer 2

a type of chemical intermolecular bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom bonds to a highly electronegative atom, including oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine

Question 3

Cohesion

Answer 3

when water molecules are attracted to each other

Question 4

Adhesion

Answer 4

the binding or attraction between dissimilar molecules, atoms, surfaces, or substances

Question 5

Surface tension

Answer 5

the property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

Question 6

Specific heat

Answer 6

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

Question 7

Evaporative cooling

Answer 7

the process of removing heat from a surface due to the evaporation of water

Question 8

Hydrophillic

Answer 8

one that is able to interact with water

Question 9

Hydrophobic

Answer 9

one that is not able to interact with water

Question 10

Polymer

Answer 10

A large molecule made of repeating subunits (monomers)

Question 11

Monomer

Answer 11

A molecule that is a building block for larger molecules (polymers). For example, an amino acid acts as the building blocks for proteins

Question 12

Hydrolysis

Answer 12

a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance

Question 13

Dehydration reaction

Answer 13

a reaction in which one reactant loses two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom, which then form a water molecule

Question 14

Carbohydrate

Answer 14

are energy storing organic compound molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 15

Lipid

Answer 15

hydrophobic organic compounds that are divided into three main categories: fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 16

Protein

Answer 16

organic macromolecules built up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 17

Nucleic acid

Answer 17

large complex molecules that play a crucial role in the storage, transmission, and expression of hereditary information

Question 18

Nucleotide

Answer 18

the basic unit or building block of DNA. It consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine)

Question 19

Antiparallel

Answer 19

A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5’ end of one strand aligns with the 3’ end of the other strand.

Question 20

Denaturation

Answer 20

the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure

Question 21

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 21

simple, small cells that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically found in bacteria and archaea.

Question 22

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 22

the cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. plants, animals, protists, fungi. Their genetic material is organized in chromosomes

Question 23

Endosymbiont theory vesicle

Answer 23

the current theory of how eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles existed in eukaryotic cells

Question 24

Plasma membrane

Answer 24

the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

Question 25

Phospholipid

Answer 25

composed of a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail

Question 26

Selective permeability

Answer 26

its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others

Question 27

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 27

explains the structure of cell membranes

Question 28

Integral protein

Answer 28

A protein molecule or protein assembly permanently attached in biological membrane

Question 29

Peripheral protein

Answer 29

a type of membrane protein that are loosely attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the cell membrane, rather than being embedded within the lipid bilayer

Question 30

Transport protein

Answer 30

proteins that move molecules across a membrane within a cell

Question 31

Glycoprotein

Answer 31

molecules that consist of proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate chains

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

the passive movement of molecules down the concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Question 33

Concentration gradient

Answer 33

occurs when there is a difference in concentration of a particular substance between two regions

Question 34

Passive transport

Answer 34

a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement

Question 35

Hypertonic solution

Answer 35

if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane

Question 36

Hypotonic solution

Answer 36

a solution containing a lower amount of solute in comparison to the solute concentration in other solutions, across a semipermeable membrane

Question 37

Isotonic solution

Answer 37

two solutions of equal concentrations of solutes and water separated by a semipermeable membrane to allow water to move freely in and out of a cell

Question 38

Osmosis

Answer 38

the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

Question 39

Turgid

Answer 39

swollen and hard

Question 40

Flaccid

Answer 40

limp, not firm or strong

Question 41

Plasmolysis

Answer 41

a process involving a plant cell losing water content and therefore contracting and shrinking its cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the inside of its cell wall.

Question 42

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 42

a type of passive transport that uses specialized proteins, such as channel proteins and carrier proteins, to help molecules move across a cell membrane

Question 43

Aquaporin

Answer 43

transmembrane channel proteins that create pores to move water across a cell’s plasma membrane

Question 44

Active transport

Answer 44

substances move against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 45

Exocytosis

Answer 45

a process that occurs when a cell moves large materials from inside the cell to the outside of the cell using small spheres of membrane called vesicles

Question 46

Endocytosis

Answer 46

a type of membrane transport, where molecules are brought into or out of the cell

Question 47

Phagocytosis

Answer 47

a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it

Question 48

Pinocytosis

Answer 48

the process where fluid and dissolved substances and molecules are taken up by the cell

Question 49

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 49

a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

Question 50

Contractile vacuole

Answer 50

an organelle found in the amoeba that stores excess water with ammonia dissolved in it to excrete it later

Question 51

Osmoregulation

Answer 51

the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body’s fluids, which are composed of water, plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes