Viva Questions Flashcards
List the ENRIChES principles
- Engaging
- Novel
- Repetitive
- Intensive
- Challenging
- Exercise
- Specific
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Engaging
To achieve optimal neuro plasticity, activities used in therapy must be meaningful to the client & they should be engaged in goal-directed behaviours. Aligning the activity with their interests will help them commit to and be motivated towards therapy, thereby increasing therapy repetition, which helps solidify neural pathways.
Passive stimulation will not lead to neural adaptation.
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Novel
To achieve neural change the stimulus/activity in therapy intervention must be novel, meaning new/unexpected. This offers challenge and requires the person to attend to/make decisions about it. If a task/skill is old or well rehearsed it will not offer the level of difficulty needed to create/solidify neural pathways.
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Repetitive
Repetition of therapy intervention increases the strength/number of synapses in the brain. Training the same neural pathways ensures they are resistant to decay and helps maintain or further the gains overtime.
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Intensive
Repetition must occur over a sufficiently concentrated/short period of time to strengthen the synaptic response. This will produce long term potentiation (long-term increase in signal transmission between neurones).
Low intensity stimulation can weaken the synaptic response (long-term depression)
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: CHallenging
Tasks that are too easy or too hard do not induce neuro plasticity (need to be “just right”). Therapy interventions must be dynamic (change and progress i.e. gradually get harder) in order for new synapses to form.
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Exercise
Aerobic exercise increases cerebral blood flow + affects many different neurotransmitters which helps to enhance neuro plasticity & neurogenesis (creation of new neurons). NOT REALLY OT SCOPE
Describe the following ENRICHES principle: Specific
Neural pathways are organised in relation to a specific task. Neuro plasticity is determined by the particular task & the brain area being engaged when doing the task is the one that will be effected.
List the risk factors for stroke
- HBP/hypertension
- heart disease
- diabetes
- high cholesterol
- obesity
- diet high in fat/sodium
- smoking/alcohol
- physical inactivity/lack of exercise
- previous stroke or TIA
- peripheral vascular disease
- atrial fibrillation
- sleep apnea
- stress
- age 55+
- family history
- social deprivation
Higher incidence in men, higher mortality in women.
List the common causes of TBI
- MVA/other accidents
- assault
- falls
- lack of oxygen
- stroke
- brain tumours
- infection
- poisoning
- degenerative neurological disease
List the behavioural changes in someone who has had a TBI
- liability (mood swings)
- uncontrolled anger
- irritability
- euphoria (intense excitement/happiness)
- intolerance
- inappropriate sexual behaviour
- perseveration of movements or sounds (keep doing the same thing over and over again)
- impulsiveness
- hyperactivity
Outline the key characteristics of stroke unit care
- co-located beds in a specific stroke unit
- multidisciplinary team with stroke/rehab experience
- inter professional team approach with regular meetings
- pt and family engagement in rehab (client/family centred)
- staff training and education relating to stroke
Describe the prognosis for ABI and outline influential factors
It is virtually impossible to give an indication of likely outcomes because it will depend on many factors, including:
- pt characteristics (age, prev health/fitness/injuries, academic achievement, and work history)
- family/friend support
- site, size, and mechanism of injury
- other associated injuries (e.g. broken leg)
- time in PTA?
The younger the person the better the expected outcome
What are the 2 types of stroke?
Ischemic and heamorrhagic
Describe ischemic stroke
Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain in interrupted or reduced (by blood clot in artery), preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients
