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Viticulture with Claude > Viticulture notes > Flashcards

Viticulture notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between species and cultivar?

A

The cultivar is same as grape variety, species is the parent (e.g V.vinifera)

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2
Q

How did the cultivar develop?

A

Crossings, selection by man, natural selection

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3
Q

How were vines reproduced in the past?

A

Layering- Bending canes & burying them. Abandoned due to Phylloxera

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4
Q

What is ampelography?

A

study of the vine

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5
Q

What is the name of the Organ which Anchors and Supports vines (by winding around the wires)

A

Tendrils

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6
Q

What is the name of the plant growth that develops from the rootstock of grafted vines?

A

Sucker

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7
Q

What happens to vines in winter?

A

Dormancy, carbohydrates stored in roots, leafs fall

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8
Q

What do growers do to protect their vine stocks against the cold of winters?

A

Hilling up

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9
Q

What are the good and bad points of winter frost?

A

Good- Dormancy otherwise you can get more than one fruit produced. good for killing off pests and disease
Bad- can kill the vines

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10
Q

How do growers know winter is over in the vineyards?

A

Sap returns to vine above ground, called tearing out

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11
Q

what are weather conditions required for budburst?

A

Rain

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12
Q

What is the purpose of pre-pruning?

A

preparing canes for winter, leaving more than one in case one dies

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13
Q

What is the purpose of Guyot pruning?

A

Keeping a fruit bearing cane and a renewal cane (for next year)

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14
Q

What do growers do with the canes they cut when pruning?

A

shred for compost- can be bad for bacterial infection. Burning them also done

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15
Q

what does plowing down consist of ?

A

Freeing the earth hilling up

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16
Q

what must growers pay attention to when tying down?

A

not to break the cane or buds (best during rainy weather)

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17
Q

why is de-suckering necessary? how do you do it?

A

To focus the energy on grape growth

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18
Q

what is the best weeding method?

A

by hand

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19
Q

what is the name of the stage where grapes take their shape?

A

setting

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20
Q

what is the pollinating agent for vines?

A

themselves, they are self pollinating

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21
Q

why is tying up often a race against time?

A

Shoots grow very fast, 5cm/24hrs, also risk they will break while tying up

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22
Q

what veraison?

A

Colouring of the berries, onset of ripening (coluring change)- take 2-3 weeks

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23
Q

what are good and bad points of rainfalls?

A

needed, but can disturb flowering and dilute grapes at harvest, also too much rainfall with poor draining soil can cause disease

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24
Q

Hail mitigation?

A

Nets or shooting silver iodine into the sky

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25
Q

Why is the bottom of the valley a poor location for a vineyard?

A

Drainage, too much nutrients, aspect too cool, too much sun

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26
Q

Why are new vines often planted on higher hills?

A

Drainage, global warming (0.6 degrees per 100m)

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27
Q

in what month are vineyards traditionally re-planted?

A

OCT-NOV

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28
Q

How often do growers trim their vines?

A

3 times (June-July-August)

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29
Q

Pros and cons of de-leafing?

A

Pros- canopy management
Cons- Sunburn of grape if too much

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30
Q

what happens to vine shoots in the course of summer?

A

Lignify

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31
Q

What are the qualities of a wine grower?

A

Strong mentality, hardwork, technical skills, passion, humility

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32
Q

what makes a wine grower’s profession unique?

A

a set of trades rather than a single set of trades

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33
Q

What similarities are there between a chess player and the winegrower?

A

The estate/vineyard is the battlefield

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34
Q

what factor is likely to trigger a change of the wine map?

A

Climate change

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35
Q

what characterizes the distribution of cultivars in the world?

A

too few cultivars

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36
Q

what shift in the wine map has occurred more recently?

A

Shift to colder regions and away from big reds

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37
Q

Do growers worry about climate change?

A

Difficult as previously it has benefited but now it is in some places causing extreme temperature changes and sudden variations/unpredictability e.g hail and rain. Disease from south could more north, Typicity could need to change, grapes may have to be picked earlier which could make them bitter

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38
Q

what is the effect on 1 degree temperature increase on vineyards?

A

180km shift Northward of vineyards (if in N hemisphere)

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39
Q

what gas is more harmful to atmosphere than CO2?

A

Nitrogen protoxide

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40
Q

what will happen in 2050 if growers take no action?

A

25-75% decrease of currently established vineyard areas

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41
Q

what has always characterised wine grower’s attitude to crises in history?

A

adaptability

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42
Q

what could Bordeaux do to solves problems of climate change?

A
  • plant more petit verdot (As already allowed)
  • Look into planting Touriga Nacional
  • Potential Colombar instead of Sauvignon Blanc
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43
Q

how could genetics help solve global warming problems?

A

more resistant vines

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44
Q

Should Burgundy adopt Syrah? what should they do instead?

A

Syrah recommended by Laccave report, but will be tricky in the heart of Pinot.
THE DIVERSITY OF EXISTING CULTIVARS SHOULD BE FURTHER EXPLORED

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45
Q

What was Henri Jayer’s vision in regards to Cros Parentoux?

A
  • IT WAS PLANTED IN VOSNE-ROMANEE BY HENRI JAYER IN THE 1950s, IN A PLOT NOBODY WANTED THEN BECAUSE IT HAD A NORTHEASTERN ASPECT.
    HENRI JAYER SELECTED THAT PLOT BECAUSE OF ITS GEOLOGY AND ITS PROXIMITY TO FAMOUS GRANDS CRUS.
    HE USED DYNAMITE TO PLANT HIS VINES
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46
Q

What is the advantage of resorting to Guyot-Poussard pruning technique?

A

[find answer]

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47
Q

what are ancestral cultivars?

A

ancient types (cultivar) that fell into discourse but back being popular

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48
Q

Why is there a general distrust of nurseries?

A
  • mass production
  • WINEGROWERS HAVE NO CONTROL OVER WHAT THEY PLANT ALTHOUGH GRAFTS ARE SUPPOSED TO BE CERTIFIED.
    -TOO MANY NURSERYPEOPLE DON’T CARE FOR THE QUALITY OF THE PLANTS THEY SELL
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49
Q

what are hybrids?

A

crossing between species e.g v.vinifera with some other breed (e.g pinotage) [CHECK this WITH YOUR WSET BOOK]

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50
Q

why are hybrids not a mirracle solution?

A

Yes roots are phylloxera resistant and leaves not effected by mildew, but produce bad wines

51
Q

what are intraspecific hybrids?

A
  • THEY RESULT FROM THE CROSSING BETWEEN 2 VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVARS.
  • BUT THEY ARE NOT IMMUNE TO PHYLLOXERA AND FUNGUS DISEASES.
    SOME EXAMPLES:
  • PINOTAGE: PINOT NOIR + CINSAULT (POPULAR IN SOUTH AFRICA)
  • MULLER-THURGAU: RIESLING + SYLVANER. (POPULAR IN GERMANY, NEW ZEALAND…)
  • MARSELAN: CABERNET-SAUVIGNON-GRENACHE. THE CULTIVAR OF THE FUTURE IN CHINA ?
52
Q

what is the principle of GMOs?

A

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CULTIVARS (INTRODUCTION OF «ALIEN GENES» INTO THE CULTIVAR)

53
Q

Why has research on GMOs been stopped in france?

A

THEY ARE TOO CONTROVERSIAL AND RESEARCH HAS BEEN STOPPED.

54
Q

why are french facing difficulties with rootstocks?

A

Poor qaulity of rootstocks

55
Q

what kind of rootstocks should be chosen by growers?

A
  • THEY MUST BE PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT (AVOID AXR1!)
  • THEY MUST BE NEMATODE-RESISTANT (RISK OF FAN LEAF DEGENERATION DISEASE.)
  • THEY MUST BE ADAPTED TO THE SOIL (pH, HUMIDITY OR DRYNESS, DEPTH, FERTILITY, WATER AVAILABILITY…)
  • THEY MUST BE LIMESTONE-RESISTANT. TOO MUCH LIMESTONE MAY CAUSE CHLOROSIS—WHICH COULD DIMINISH YIELDS AND ENDANGER VINES.
  • THEY MUST ADAPT TO ACID SOILS
  • AND OF COURSE, THEY MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE CULTIVAR
    only 31 in france
56
Q

why is it necessary to establish conservatories?

A

heir main objective is to keep a genetic heritage.
- They can be used for clonal selection

57
Q

what are the advantages of vitiforestry?

A

MIXING TREES AND VINES CAN HELP BOTH WINEGROWERS AND THE CLIMATE
- SHEEP GRAZING IN VINEYARDS: NO NEED FOR WEED KILLERS (AND ALSO NATURAL FERTILIZER!)
- NOT ONLY DO TREES AND HEDGES HELP FIGHT EROSION, PROTECT VINES AGAINST THE WIND, PROVIDE SHELTER FOR FAUNA, BRING WATER , FRESHNESS AND HUMUS (WITH THE FALL OF LEAVES) BUT THEY ALSO HAVE AN UNDERGROUND ACTION: THEIR FAR-REACHING ROOTS DEVELOP MYCORHIZES, A COMPLEX NETWORK OF ROOTS AND MUSHROOMS WHICH FERTILIZE THE SOIL AND FAVOR MICROBIOLOGICAL LIFE.

58
Q

How would you define terroir?

A

Wine from a particular place and wine expresses that place

59
Q

Why did the growers of Chambolle-Musigny remove their “chambole Musigny thanks nature” Hoarding?

A

erroneous to consider everyhting came from nature, humans also contribute.

60
Q

Why is the concept of terroir not easily grasped?

A

more of a marketing term and vineyards were first planted by rivers rather than specific plots of land

61
Q

Why would terroir not exist without man?

A

Ploughing, irrigation, shaping of terraces and vineyards, changing the soil, additon of fertiliser etc

62
Q

why did Californians and Australians really adverse to the idea of terroir?

A

Prefer science and modern techniques

63
Q

what does the notion of typicity imply?

A

idea of how a wine is expected to taste. e.g bad years wine still good but does it really taste like and NSG

64
Q

What is the difference between Macro, Meso and Micro climate?

A

Scale

65
Q

what role do the weather conditions play in the characteristics of a vintage?

A

huge, temperature, rain amount and timing, sunlight, mist, fog, hail- timing is also key

66
Q

Does soil determine the characteristics of a wine?

A

Drainage, depth of soil roots can reach, nutrients. BUT THERE IS NO PRECISE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL AND THE QUALITY OF THE WINE

67
Q

what soils are suitable for vitticulture?

A

Most- gravels, granite, sandy, limestone, clay, slate

68
Q

why is drainage important?

A

VINES DO NOT LIKE TO HAVE THEIR ROOTS IN WATER
and they need to be slightly stressed
poor drainage leads to pests and disease

69
Q

why is subsoil fundamental to the quality of a wine?

A

Important for establishing root networks and rootlets

  • ROOTSTOCKS MUST BE ADAPTED TO THE SOIL
  • THEY GIVE VIGOR TO THE SCION BUT SHOULDN’T GIVE TOO MUCH VIGOR
  • SO FAR, HYBRIDS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED A BAD SOLUTION BUT THERE IS A RENEWED INTEREST IN PRODUCING NATURALLY RESISTANT VARIETIES THAT CAN BE GROWN WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERVENTION.
70
Q

how should growers choose their rootstocks?

A

adapted to the soil, disease resistance, need to be compatible with the clone itself

71
Q

what makes hybrids attractive?

A

Disease resistance, heat resistance later ripening

72
Q

why were hybrids prohibited in France as of 1935?

A

taste not good

73
Q

Threats to terroir?

A

Soil erosion, pollution (heavy metals), urbanisation

74
Q

Difference between catholic and protestant approaches to viticulture

A
  • CATHOLIC: ( EUROPE) VALUES TERROIR, ART, CULTURE, HISTORY, TRADITION, AOCs. TERROIR IS A SYMBOL OF DIVERSITY AND KEEPS A PART OF MYSTERY
  • PROTESTANT : ANGLO-SAXONS, NEW WORLD VALUE TECHNIQUE, CULTIVAR, BRAND, TRADE, MARKETING, SIMPLICITY, RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
75
Q

Issues with AOC for normal consumers?

A

Complexity

76
Q

What do critics call “technological wines”?

A

Producing a wine that consumers will be able to recognise and be logical

77
Q

can a winegrower still settle for being a grape farmer?

A

wine growers now work with winemakers, scientists, commerical teams, and oenololgists, so more to it now

78
Q

What role did chemistry play in the post world war II period?

A

Pestecides

79
Q

what were the consequences of that period on viticulture?

A

death of some soils

80
Q

should soil adapt to vines?

A

Vines should adapt to soils otherwise you kill soils with modification

81
Q

what is the difference between Pasteur’s and Bernard’s view of germs?

A

Louis Pasteur- “GERMS ARE THE ENEMY”
Calude Bernard- THE GERM IS NOTHING. THE ENVIRONMENT IS EVERYTHING

82
Q

what would happen if earthworms disappeared?

A
  • O2 WILL NO LONGER CIRCULATE IN GALLERIES
  • NITROGEN WILL TURN INTO AMMONIA, WHICH POISONS THE ROOTS
  • SULPHUR WILL TURN INTO H2S AND INTOXICATE THE VINES
  • O2 ENABLES THE ROOTS TO BREATHE AND BACTERIA TO FEED THE ROOTS
83
Q

what is the idea behind IPM (integrated Pest Management)?

A
  • IDENTIFY WHAT CAUSES THE PROBLEM
  • MONITOR THE SITUATION (USUALLY THE WEATHER) TO KNOW WHERE THE PROBLEM IS LIKELY TO ARISE
  • TAKE TIMELY PREVENTIVE MEASURES INSTEAD OF MORE COSTLY CURATIVE MEASURES
  • USE NATURAL PREDATORS WHEREVER POSSIBLE
  • COVER CROPS IN THE MIDDLE OF ROWS RAISE THE LEVELS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING PREDATORS AND HELP PREVENT SOIL EROSION ON SLOPING SITES
84
Q

Are chemicals prohibited in organic viticulture?

A

yes but minimally (copper and sulphur) - CHOOSE THE FERTILIZERS AND TREATMENT PRODUCTS CONSIDERED THE LEAST HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTALLY.
-MINIMIZE THE NEED TO USE THEM BY TAKING MEASURES TO PREVENT OR AVOID DISEASES AND PESTS.
- THIS MEANS USING A VERY SMALL RANGE OF «NATURAL» SUBSTANCES.
- COPPER, WHICH IS NATURAL, IS ALLOWED BUT IT IS TOXIC TO EARTHWORMS. DIMETHOMORPH, A SYNTHETIC PRODUCT, IS 10 TIMES LESS TOXIC AND IS EFFECTIVE LONGER THAN COPPER

85
Q

What are the main principles of biodynamic viticulture?

A

use the 4 natural forces.
- ANYTHING THAT IS CONSIDERED «ARTIFICIAL» IS BANNED.
- TREATMENTS INVOLVING TINY QUANTITIES OF SUPPOSEDLY LIFE- ENHANCING MATERIALS cf HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE.
- THESE ARE INSERTED INTO COWHORNS OR DEER BLADDERS, BURIED IN THE SOIL TO «ACTIVATE THEM.»
- THE POSITION OF THE MOON, STARS AND PLANETS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE «COSMIC FORCES» CAN BE HARNESSED TO AID CULTIVATION.
- ACT AT THE CORRECT ASTROLOGICAL TIME.

86
Q

what are the pros and cons of natural wines?

A

Pros- better for health and environment but doesn’t age well, may not taste as well

87
Q

why are organic wines more expensive than other wines?

A

lower yield, higher production costs

88
Q

Should consumers worry about pesticide residues in wine?

A

no, way lower the safe prescribed limits in reality, more risk to the environment than human health

89
Q

Where and when did viticulture begin?

A

Georgia 6000BC

90
Q

How did the first wine growers vinify their wines?

A

[get the names of the terracota pots they used]

91
Q

Where did viticulture move afterwards?

A

Egypt

92
Q

According to the bible, who was the first wine grower?

A

Noah

93
Q

According to legend, what animal taught people how to grow?

A

A donkey

94
Q

who was the greek god of wine?

A

Baccus (Dinosys)

95
Q

what miracle did Jesus perform in Cana and what tradition did it create?

A

Wine into water, wine at mass

96
Q

what made wine so important in the christian religion?

A

blood of christ

97
Q

in what Eastern country wine wine appreciated and celebrated?

A

Iran (persia)

98
Q

why wasn’t wine readily adopted in India, China and Japan?

A

Cultural reasons

99
Q

after the fall of the Roman empire, who took care of vineyards?

A

Bishops

100
Q

What was St benedict’s rule concerning wine?

A

wine in moderation

101
Q

What famous estate did the Cistercian monks create in burgundy?

A

Close de Vougeot (1125)

102
Q

what were the 3 main uses of wine in monesteries?

A

Medecin- WHAT ELSE?

103
Q

who invented the barrel?

A

The Gauls

104
Q

name a Cistercian contribution to Viticulture

A

Pinot noir, clos, Climats

105
Q

How were Clos constituted to viticulture?

A

Keep animals out of vineyards

106
Q

Why was Bordeaux wine not popular in France in the middle ages?

A

Bordeaux was English

107
Q

why were there no vineyards in Medoc in the middle ages?

A

Soil not suitable

108
Q

What Cultivar did Duke Philip the good ban in Burgundy in 1395 and why?

A

Gamay, too fruity and poor qaulity

109
Q

did viticulture make wine growers rich after the 100 year war? and what did they drink?

A

No

110
Q

What way did wine consumption change at end of the 17th century?

A

THE CLASSIC AGE & THE ENLIGHTENMENT AGE

Drink older wines

111
Q

Who invented champagne?

A

DP and/or english

112
Q

why was champagne popular in the 18th century?

A

happy period and seen as a drink for celebration

113
Q

How do growers disinfect their barrels?

A

Sulphur

114
Q

what happened to the vineyards belonging ti the church, during the french revolution?

A

Confiscated and auctioned

115
Q

what new class of vinters emerged during the French revolution?

A

Wine merchants

116
Q

what recommendation did chemist Antoine Chaptal make regarding vinification?

A

Adding sugar to the Must

117
Q

What role did the state play in viticulture in the 19th century?

A

[seminar 1-find answer]

118
Q

What role did the state play in viticulture in the 19th century?

A

[seminar 1-find answer]

119
Q

Who is considered the father of Oeneology?

A

Louis Pastor

120
Q

how were such diseases such as mildews and Phyloxera enter Europe?

A

imported American vines

121
Q

why were there so many counterfeit wines at the end of the 19th century?

A

Shortage thanks to Phylloexra

122
Q

why were there no winegrower rebellions in Burgundy at the beginning of the 20th century (contrary to S France and Champagne)

A

Land is devided into lots of small parcels

123
Q

How was the wine glut crisis at the beginning of the 20th century solved ?

A

wars

124
Q

What are the principles of the AOC system?

A

Use WSET explanation

Viticulture with Claude (1 decks)

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