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WSET 3 > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain what is Head grafting, and how are you doing it and why

A

It is used if a grape grower with an established vineyard decides to switch to a different grape variety between seasons.

The existing vine is cut back to its trunk and a bud or cutting of the new variety is grafting on the trunk. if the graft is successful the vine will produce the fruit of the new variety at the next vintage.

it takes a minimum of three years to be able to produce a commercial crop, but with this technique, it allows the farmers to grow a new crop after one year and is also cheaper than replanting the whole vineyard.

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2
Q

Explain what is Bench grafting, and how are you doing it and why

A

Bench grafting is the vitiscultural operation of grafting vines indoors rather than in the field.

It’s the most modern technique, where short sections of cane from both vitis vinifera variety and the rootctock variety are joined together by machine(a grafting machine shaped cuts are used) and stored in a warm environment(room temperature around 28 degrees) in around two weeks. Then they are waxed to reduce water loss, then planted out. usually in a field nursery. These plants are grown over the summer and then lifted from the nursery to the client in winter.

This procedure has allowed viticulturists around the world successfully to combat the ravages of phylloxera and to lesser extent of nematodes.

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3
Q

Name the three fungal diseases

A

Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
Grey rot

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4
Q

What i grafting?

A

Grafting is the technique used to join a rootstock to a V. vinifera variety.

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5
Q

Name the two types of grafting

A

Bench grafting and Head grafting

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6
Q

What four forms can be used as a protection again springs frosts

A

Heaters
Wind machines
Sprinklers
Thoughtful vineyard design

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7
Q

Name three important oceans currents there has a effect on some wine regions

A

The Humboldt Current off Chile
Benguela Current off South Africa
The Gulf Stream

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8
Q

What is the temperature there can damage the vines in winters

A

-20 degrees

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9
Q

Define the temperature for warm climate

A

18,5-21

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10
Q

When is the temperature to cold for the vines yo grow?

A

when the temperature is below 10 degrees.

This is also the reason why the vines are dormant in winter and budburst happens in spring

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11
Q

Describe the term altitude

A

a term used to describe the elevation of a vineyard, but instead of refers to the height above sea level it used to refer to height above earth’s surface.

As altitude increase, temperatures drop. This means that regions at high altitude can successfully grow vines even though they are closer to Equator.

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12
Q

What latitude lie most vinyard?

A

30 and 50 degress north and south of the Equator.

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13
Q

Explain about nematodes

A

These are micoscopic roundworms generaly found in soild which can seriously harm vines and other plants. They attack the roots of vines.

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14
Q

Explain the term aspect

A

Aspect, the direction in which a slope faces, an important characteristic of vineyard sites, especially in cool climate.

A vineyard with an aspect facing the Equator receive the most heat.

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15
Q

What is farmers most affried of regarding the springs frost?

A

Cold temperature may delay budburst.

The budburst occurs in the springs and it can be damage and killed by the frosts, and it will reducing yields significantly.

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16
Q

Name the three climate classification

A

Continental
Maritime
Mediterranean

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17
Q

Name the four pests you can find in a vineyard

A

Phylloxera
Nematodes
Burds and mammals
insects

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18
Q

explain thughtful vineyard design regarding spring frost:

A

Cold air sinks to the lowest point it can find, then it is best to plant vineyard on slopes and avoid depression in which cold air can collect.

Or vines can be trained high to avoid the worst of the cold air.

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19
Q

What could be a sunlight hazards?

A

Too little = problem with flowering and photosynthesis

too much = Sunburned grapes

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20
Q

Name the three main irrigation techniques:

A

Drip irrigation
Sprinklers
Flood irrigation

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21
Q

Explain how the fog can effect some wine regions

A

Fog can help cool an area that may otherwise struggle to produce high-quality grapes.

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22
Q

What is the average temperature for vines to grow in the growing season?

A

16-22 degrees

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23
Q

explain the effect sprinklers does regarding protection for spring frosts:

A

Spray water onto the vines. as the water freezes, it releases some heat into the plant tissue protecting the buds and shoots.

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24
Q

How many buds can you find on a cane?

A

eight to twenty buds

25
Q

How does is look like when vines are attacked by a fungal disease?

A

they can affect all the green parts of the vine including the leaves and the grapes. if attracted, grapes lose their fruity flavours and can give the wine a moldy bitter taint.

26
Q

Define the temperature for moderate climate

A

16,5-18,5

27
Q

How long does it take for a newly planted vine before it produce fruit?

A

it takes a minimum of three years to be able to produce commercial crop

28
Q

How can you protect your grapes and vines agianst hail?

A

Netting - but this is very expensive

Hail storms tend to be very localised and ultimately the best protection may be to reduce the risk of losing the whole crop by owning several vineyard sites in different locations

29
Q

Define the temperature for hot climat

A

above 21

30
Q

Which of the American species is producing highly aromatic and strongly flavored berries sometimes described as foxy?

A

Vitis labrusca

Also a common parent in American hybrids, including Concord and Catawba

31
Q

Explan the difference between the three climate:
Continental
Maritime
Mediterranean

A

Continental: There is a huge difference between the year in the hottest month and of its coldest month

Maritime: is the opposite of continental climate, had relatively narrow annual range of temperature.

Mediterranean climate: a climate characterized by warm, dry, sunny summers and mostly mild, wet, winters.

32
Q

What factors affecting sunlight?

A

Latitude (30 and 50 degress north and south of the Equator)

Aspect (the direction in which a slope faces)

Seas, lakes, river (bodies of water there can create fogs and clouds, and also sun reflect from the waters)

33
Q

Which American species is used as a rootstock because of its phylloxera tolerance or resistance and deep-rooting habit?

A

Vitis rupestris
Vitis berlandieri
Vitis riparia

34
Q

Explain the term diurnal range:

A

Diurnal range is the difference between daytime and night time temperature.

Cool nights help during slow the loss of aromas and acidity in the grapoes during ripening. Warm night accelerate ripening.
Example: in a region with a warm or hot climate, a vineyard with a large diurnal range can produce wines that are fresher and more aromatic compared with a vineyard that has a smaller diurnal range.

35
Q

Explain the term humus

A

Humus is made up of decomposing plant and animal materials that are rich in plant nutrients and have excellent water retaining properties.

36
Q

What is the name on the soil type that is ideal for the growth of most plants?

A

loam - a balanced mixture of clay, silt, and sand.

Loam has a crumbly structure, and a good loam had a high capacity to store water and plant nutrients. Rich loam soils can encourage excessive vigour in vines.

37
Q

Explain the roots function

A

There main fantion is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, nut the most important function is to store carbohydrates to allow the vine to survive the winter.

38
Q

What is the name on the Eurasian vine?

A

Vitis vinifera

39
Q

What is the name of the most important Northern American vines?

A

Vitis riparia
Vitis rupestris
Vitis labrusca
Vitis Berlandieri

40
Q

Explain the term vine training

A

vine training refers to the shape of the permanent wood of the vine and van be split broadly into two categories: head training and cordon training.

41
Q

What is the permanent wood?

A

The trunk

This wood is more than one year old.

42
Q

Does a steep slope benefit that the aspect of a vineyard is south facing in the Northen Hemispeher?

A

Steeper slopes benefit even more from this effect. This phenomenon is especially important in cool climates wheres the extra warmth can make the difference between a vine being able to ripen a crop or not.

More aspect = more sunlight

43
Q

Define the temperature for cool climate

A

16,5 or below

44
Q

Describe the 6 elements vines need to be able to survive and produce grapes

A 
Heat (sun, reflected from soil))
Sunlight (sun, reflected from water) 
Oxygen (photosynthesis)
Carbon Dioxide (atmosphere)
Water (rainfall)
Nutrients (Soil, humus, fertiliser)
45
Q

Which of the American Vitis is a parent to the hybrid Concord?

A

Vitis labrusca

Concord. the most widely planted vine variety grown in the eastern United States. The majority of its genes clearly belong to the American vine species Vitis labrusca. it has a pronounced foxy flavor.

46
Q

What are the four human factors and natural factors that affect the style, quality, and price of wines:

A

Natureal factors: Grape, Climate, Weather, Soil

Human factors: Grape Growing, Winemaking, Maturation, Market forces

47
Q

Why do areas close to large bodies of water generally have low continentaæoty whereas regions that are far inland have high continentality?

A

Because large bodies, lakes heat up and cool down more slowly than landmasses. Therefore in winter they have a warming effect on the surrounding air and in summer they have a cooling affect.

48
Q

What the most important nutrients for vine in the soil:

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

These elemts are naturally occurring in the soil and are take-up by the vine roots.

49
Q

Explain the term high and low continentality

A

The temperature difference between the coldest and hottest months referred to as continentality.

Regions with high continentality have large difference in seasonal temperatures. Regions with low continentality see less variation in temperatures throughout the year.

50
Q

Which of the three irrigations techniques is the most expensive:

Drip irrigation
Sprinklers
Flood irrigation

A

Drip irrigation is the most advanced and expensive, since each vines has its own dripper that be computer controlled to ensure that each vine gets the optimum amount of water

51
Q

What is the four sections when you talk about the vines structure?

A

The green parts of the vine
One-year-old wood
Permanent wood
Roots

52
Q

what is a marietime climate?

A

Maritime climate, is the opposite of continental climate, had relatively narrow annual range of temperature.

Places with maritime climate tend to be near occeans or other large bodies of water.

53
Q

Which of the three irrigations techniques is the most cheap:

Drip irrigation
Sprinklers
Flood irrigation

A

Flood irrigation, but its only possivle in vineyard that are flat or very gently sloping and where there is accesses to large quantities of water.

54
Q

What do a vine need to create photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight (Sunlight have nothing to do with temperature) to combine carbin dioxide (CO2) and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

The nutrients it extracts from the soil to support its growth and most importantly. to ripen its grapes. The oxygen is lost trough the leaves.

55
Q

What factors do we have that can affect the climate of a vineyard

A

Altitude: a term used to describe the elevation of a vineyard, but instead of refers to the height above sea level it used to refer to height above earth’s surface.
As altitude increase, temperatures drop. This means that regions at high altitude can successfully grow vines even though they are closer to Equator.

Diurnal range: is the difference between daytime and night time temperature.

Cooling effects from the ocean: The Humboldt Current off Chile - Benguela Current off South Africa - The Gulf Stream

Aspect: Aspect, the direction in which a slope faces, an important characteristic of vineyard sites, especially in cool climate. A vineyard with an aspect facing the Equator receive the most heat.

Soil: darker soil absorb and reradiate more of the sun’s heat than lighter coloured soils

56
Q

explain how the ocean currents effect the wine regions around the world

A

The major currents transport large volumes of warm or cold water across the surfaces of the ocean, leading to localised warming or cooling in certain wine regions

57
Q

what are the three soil particle sizes

A

Stones - not always present in the vineyard
Sand - sand the larges
Clay - clays the smallest and combined water

58
Q

What aspect in the vinyard facing in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

In the Northern Hemispehre south facing slopes get the most warmth whereas in the Southern Hemisphere it it the north facing slopes

WSET 3 (3 decks)

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