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WSET Diploma Unit 2 > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the vines most important needs for growth and ripening fruit?

A

Sunlight, Water, Carbon Dioxide (for photosynthesis)

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2
Q

What is the basic building block of both the vine, as well as the creation of tannins, acids, and flavor molecules in the grape?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Around what temperature does the vine become dormant?

A

10º C / 50º F

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4
Q

Around what temperature does vine grow typically peak?

A

22-25º C / 71-77º F

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5
Q

Describe Climate.

A

The annual weather pattern of an area averaged over several decades.

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6
Q

What is the average growing season temperature for a cool climate?

A

Below 16º C / 61º F

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7
Q

What are typical cool-climate regions?

A

Champagne, Mosel, Southern England, Marlborough, Tasmania, Anderson Valley

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8
Q

What is the average growing season temperature for a moderate climate?

A

16.5-18.5º C / 62-65º F

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9
Q

What are typical moderate-climate regions?

A

Bordeaux, Northern Rhône, Rioja, Piedmont, Tuscany, Coonawarra and moderate parts of Napa and Sonoma.

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10
Q

What is the average growing season temperature for a warm climate?

A

18.5-21º C / 65-70º F

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11
Q

What are typical warm-climate regions?

A

Souther Rhône, Douro, McLaren Vale, Paarl

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12
Q

What is the average growing season temperature for a hot climate?

A

over 21º C / 70º F

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13
Q

What are typical hot-climate regions?

A

Jerez (generally not suited for quality wine production)

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14
Q

Describe Continentality.

A

The difference between the average mean temperature of the hottest month and the coldest month.

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15
Q

Describe a Maritime climate.

A

low continentality, warm summers, mild winters, high precipitation, usually found near large bodies of water.

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16
Q

Describe a Mediterranean climate.

A

low continentality, warm and dry summers, most rainfall in winter, which is mild.

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17
Q

Describe a Continental climate.

A

High Continentality, Hot summer, cold winters, generally inland, away from large, mitigating, bodies of water.

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18
Q

Describe a Tropical climate.

A

Minimal continentality, not suitable for quality wine production, most vines never go dormant, and produce crops bi-annually.

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19
Q

What are the benefits of vineyards near bodies of water?

A 
Reflect Sun's Rays
Store heat later in ripening season, to reflect back during cooler nights
Water Source
Reduce risk of ground frost
Can provide mist (for noble rot)
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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of vineyards near bodies of water?

A

increases humidity, increased fungal disease (particularly downy mildew)

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21
Q

How do you calculate Growing Degree Days?

A

Measure mean temp for the month, subtract 10ºC (min. temp. for vine growth) and multiply by number of days in the month. (15-10)x30= 150 GDD

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22
Q

How many categories are there in Amerine and Winkler’s GDD system?

A

5

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23
Q

Describe the progression of the categories for Amerine and Winkler’s System.

A

Cat. I - light-bodied whites (Chablis, Mosel, Champ.)
Cat. II - med-bod, reds (Napa, BDX, N. Rhône)
Cat. III - full-bod, reds (Barossa, Stellenbosch, S. Rhône)
Cat. IV - fortified wines
Cat. V - Bulk/Table wines

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24
Q

Above what temperature does vine growth slow significantly?

A

30º C / 86º F

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25
Q

Aside from Amerine and Winkler, which other climatic index is widely used in Australia?

A

Smart and Dry

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26
Q

How many EU zones are there?

A

6

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27
Q

List the EU zones with examples of geographic regions for each.

A

A - Germany (sans Baden), UK
B - Baden, Loire, Champ, Alsace, Austria, Czech Rep.
CI - BDX, SW Fr, Rhône, Parts of Portugal, NA Coast, Spain, Hungary, Alto Adige, parts of Slovakia/Romania
CII - Lang-Rouss, Prov., N. Spain, Most of Italy, Slov, Rom, parts of Bulgaria
CIIIa - Parts of Bulgaria and Greece
CIIIb - Portugal (sans Vinho Verde), S. Spain, Calabria, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, parts of Greece

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28
Q

In the EU zones of production, what happens, generally, as the regions get warmer?

A
  • Min. Potential alcohol req. increases
  • level of enrichment decreases
  • deacidification becomes illegal, and acidification becomes legal
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29
Q

In Cool regions, a vine needs about how much precipitation?

A

500mm/year

19.7in/year

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30
Q

In hotter regions, a vine needs about how much precipitation?

A

750mm/year

29.5in/year

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31
Q

What are the mitigating factors of the vines need for precipitation?

A
  • Vine Density
  • Soil water holding capacity
  • When the rain falls (during season or winter)
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32
Q

T/F: Autumn rain is nearly always detrimental to the quality of the crop.

A

True

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33
Q

How are the Mosel, Southern England, and Central Otago wine regions all effected by day length.

A

They are cool regions which benefit from extended day length, giving them the sunlight needed to fully ripen fruit.

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34
Q

How many hours of sunshine is the minimum for the vitas vinifera species to produce ripe fruit?

A

At least 1250

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35
Q

Name the current off of Chile, which creates cooling mists and fogs in the morning, to reduce temperature.

A

Humbolt Current

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36
Q

Which ocean current allows for wine production on the west coast of the UK?

A

Gulf Stream

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37
Q

How is temperature effected as you raise altitude above sea level?

A

Temperature decreases by 0.6ºC/33ºF with every 100 meters/328 ft rise above sea level.

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38
Q

Soil fertility is influenced by which factors?

A 
Soil texture
Soil structure
Organic matter content
mineral content
availability of air and water
Soil pH
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39
Q

Why do vines grow best on soils with low fertility?

A

Restrict canopy growth
stony
well-drained

40
Q

List the soil particles from smallest to largest texture.

A

Clay, Silt, Fine Sand, Sand, Gravel, Boulders

41
Q

List some Pros and Cons of Clay soil.

A
  • Moisture retention (too much is a bad thing)
  • Hold more minerals (slightly neg. charged)
  • Take longer to heat in spring (colder year-round)
  • Water retention can cause cracking and root damage when they dry out.
  • Wet clay is difficult to work on (sticky, machines get stuck)
42
Q

T/F: Sandy and Gravelly soils have good drainage.

A

True

43
Q

What is the texture of soil that has ideal fertility for most crop plants and why?

A

Loam, because it is a balanced mixture of clay, silt, and sand.

44
Q

What is limestone?

A
  • Sedimentary rock
  • Formed from the deposit of shells and skeletons of marine animals (Calcium carbonate).
  • Free draining
45
Q

List regions known for their limestone content.

A

Spain, most of Burgundy, Piedmont, central and eastern Loire Valley, Limestone Coast (S. Australia)

46
Q

What is Chalk?

A
  • Sedementary rock
  • Formed like Limestone
  • Lower density
  • Even more free-draining
47
Q

What are two good examples of pure Chalk in the soil of wine regions?

A

Champagne and Jerez

48
Q

What are three other sedimentary rocks and their basic attribute(s)?

A

Dolomite - similare to Limestone, but high levels of Magnesium.
Sandstone - compressed sand (quartz) particles.
Shale - sed. rock, composed of clay, soft.

49
Q

What is Slate?

A

Shale that’s been metamorphasised by high pressures and temperatures. It is harder and less porous than shale, and can be found in the Mosel.

50
Q

What is Granite?

A
  • Igneous Rock (formed from solidified magma.
  • Extremely Hard and Dense
  • Free-draining
51
Q

What is organic content/humus composed of?

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose, and nitrogenous compounds; lignin and mineral matter.

52
Q

What will happen if your soil becomes compacted?

A

Leads to poor rain infiltration (increased erosion)

Poor Soil Structure (because of erosion)

53
Q

List the major elements used by plants.

A 
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Magnesium (Mg)
(Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen are also crucial, but  are taken from the air or as water)
54
Q

Grapevines cannot tolerate soil below what level of pH?

A

pH 5 (aluminum becomes available and poisons plant)

55
Q

What are Limestone-rich soils susceptible to due the inability to uptake Iron and other micronutrients?

A

Chlorosis

56
Q

List the parts of the vine from the Roots up.

A 
Roots
Trunk and Arms
Shoots
Nodes
Buds
Leaves
Petioles (stalks)
Flowers
Tendrils
Berries
57
Q

List the steps of the growth cycle and the months in which they occur for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

A

Winter Dormancy (Nov-Jan; May to July)
Budburst (April/May; Sept/Oct)
Flowering and Fruit Set (June/July; Nov/Dec)
Berry Growth and Véraison (July-Sept; Dec-Feb)
Wood Ripening (Wept-Nov; Feb-April)
Berry Ripening and Harvest (Sept-Nov; Feb-May)

58
Q

Why is it necessary for there to be sufficient carbohydrate reserves, which are collected during winter dormancy?

A

Because the stored carbohydrates are used for floral initiation.

59
Q

What is one of the biggest environmental concerns which could adversely effect the process of flowering?

A

Rain, which could remove the pollen from the air, thereby not allowing the ovules to be fertilized.

60
Q

What is millerandage?

A

Caused by low temperatures, it is a mixture of small, seedless berries and larger berries with seeds on the same bunch.

61
Q

Describe what happens in the first 2-3 years of the vines life cycle.

A
  • Vine grows its trunk and any other permanent wood needed for selected training system.
  • Root system begins to explore available soil
  • Vigour/Crops are usually low due to minimal carb reserves, while arms are gaining mass.
62
Q

Describe what happens during the 7-20 years span in the cycle of the vine.

A
  • Permanent wood continues to thicken, though at smaller intervals.
  • At its most vigorous/highest yields after 7 years
  • Toward end, vine is weakened due to pruning.
  • Vigour begins to decline toward end, sometimes low enough to constitute replanting.
63
Q

Where were the fist vitas vinifera sativa vines thought to have been selected, and why?

A

Transcaucasia, and they were functioning hermaphrodite flowers.

64
Q

What are the main criteria in selecting vines?

A
  • Adaptation to the climate
  • Resistance to the disease
  • Adaptation to soil conditions if using ungrafted vines
  • Economic Characteristics (yield, quality, mech. suitable?)
65
Q

Which rootstocks were utilized due to their resistance to Phylloxera and their ability to graft well?

A

V. riparia and V. rupestris (though both have poor calcium tolerance)

66
Q

Which rootstock was crossed with V. riparia and V. rupestris to counteract the poor calcium tolerance in the later two?

A

V. berlandieri

67
Q

T/F: Most areas in Europe have forbidden the production of wines from interspecific hybrids.

A

True

68
Q

When was Downy Mildew introduced, and by whom?

A

1878, USA

69
Q

Which varietal, and hybrid, is the 6th most planted in Germany?

A

Regent

70
Q

Where in the world are hybrids used due to their resistance to harsh and cold winters?

A

Eastern USA

71
Q

Define Interspecific Vinifera Crosses.

A

Crosses of one vinifera variety with another.

72
Q

Give two famous examples of Interspecific Vinifera Crossings, and who created them.

A
  • Alicante Bouschet (Petite Bouschet x Grenache) Henri Bouschet
  • Müller Thurgau (Riesling x Madeleine Royale) Professor Müller (Switzerland)
73
Q

Describe Sélection Massale.

A

Traditional Method of selecting vines involves passing through the vineyard before harvest and marking out the best plants form which to take cuttings during the winter.

74
Q

Describe a clone.

A

plants originating from a single parent, genetically identical, propagated vegetatively.

75
Q

Who was the first to carry out a successful clone, when, and on which varietal?

A

Froelich, 1876, Silvaner

76
Q

What are some of the disadvantages in clonal selection?

A
  • if closely related, disease spreads easily
  • some are very specific to where they are suitable
  • it’s led to an increase in yield, thereby overproduction
  • reduction in vine genetic resources
77
Q

Are Genetically Modified (GM) vines available for commercial use?

A

No

78
Q

T/F: Propagation is used more than seed planting.

A

True

79
Q

Describe layering.

A

A process of burying a vine cane in the ground, then separating it from the parent plant once they have established their own roots.

80
Q

Describe cuttings.

A

pieces of plants that develop into a new plant when placed in the right conditions.

81
Q

Describe the steps of Bench Grafting.

A 
Rootstock cuttings stored in damp sawdust
Soaked for 24-48 hours
Scion is dipped in paraffin
Joined
Stored in crates with sand or sawdust
Humidity maintained at 90% to prevent drying out
Union called a 'callus'
Trimmed
Redipped in paraffin
Kept in cold storage until planted
82
Q

When is top-grafting used?

A

When changing varieties in an established vineyard.

83
Q

T/F: Vitis vinifera was the only species of vine to survive the quaternary ice ages in Europe.

A

True

84
Q

Whish subdivision of Vitis vinifera is the most common?

A

Vitis vinifera sativa

85
Q

What is a common trait associated with wines made from V. labrusca?

A

Foxy

86
Q

What is the main use of V. riparia, and why?

A

Mainly used as a rootstock because it has good resistance to phylloxera, is low in vigor, and early ripening. Good for high vigor soils or varietals.

87
Q

What is the main use of V. rupestris, and why?

A

Mainly used as a rootstock because it has high vigor, a deep root system, and has a good resistance to phylloxera. Good for low vigor soils or limited water availability.

88
Q

What is the parentage of Pinotage?

A

Pinot Noir x Cinsault

89
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

Insect that was first identified in Europe in 1863, brought from the USA accidentally, and destroyed 2/3 of Europpean vineyards in the late 19th Century.

90
Q

What are Nematodes?

A

Tiny roundworms which are very common in soils. They can cause root damage as well as spread viral diseases.

91
Q

How is the deficiency of lime in chalky soils (leading to Chlorosis) dealt with in regards to V. riparia and V. rupestris?

A

Commonly crossed with V. Berlandieri due to its resistance to lime in soils.

92
Q

Which rootstock is ideal in areas with severe nematode problems?

A

Schwarzman (vitis Champini can also be used, but generally not considered suitable for quality due to high vigor)

93
Q

Which rootstock(s) are good for acidic soils?

A

Couderc 3309 C and 161-49 C(France, Germany, Switz)

94
Q

Which rootstock(s) are commonly used in Champagne and Charentes?

A

Ecole de Montpellier , Millard et de Grasset

95
Q

Which rootstock is the most popular in Europe, despite its poor uptake of Mg?

A

SO4 Selection OPPENHEIM

96
Q

Which rootstocks have a good resistance to drought?

A

Richter (99R/110R)
Ruggieri (140 RU)
Paulsen (1103 P)

97
Q

What is the Photoperiod?

A

the day length

WSET Diploma Unit 2 (3 decks)

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