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Viticulture/Vinification - SD > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

What is Viticulture

A

the study of grape growing

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2
Q

What happens first in the life cycle of the vine

A

budbreak, in the spring

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3
Q

What happens during February (in Northern Hemisphere) before budbreak

A

“weeping” or “bleeding” watery sap from pruned canes

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4
Q

What air temperature brings about budbreak

A

50 F

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5
Q

During what months does budbreak occur in the Norther hemisphere

A

March or April

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6
Q

What is budbreak?

A

first small shoots and leaves break through buds left intact by winter pruning

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7
Q

During which parts of the life cycle is the vine most vulnerable to frost?

A

Budbreak, flowering and fruit set

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8
Q

What is an embryo bunch?

A

Small green clusters that form by mid-April in northern hemisphere

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9
Q

When does flowering occur?

A

6-13 weeks after initial budbreak, depending on climate

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10
Q

How long does flowering last?

A

about 10 days

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11
Q

What happens during flowering?

A

embryo bunches bloom into small flowers for about 10 days and self pollinate, fertilizing the flowers

(each fertilized flower will form one grape)

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12
Q

What does flowering lead to during the life cycle of a vine?

A

fertilization, and then fruit set

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13
Q

What happens during fruit set?

A

Successfully pollinated embryo bunches grow into true grape clusters

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14
Q

What is the typical rate or percentage that makes it to fruit set?

A

30%

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15
Q

What is the term for remaining unfertilized embryo berries falling from the cluster

A

shattering

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16
Q

When does veraison (véraison) begin?

A

August In Northern Hemisphere

February in Southern Hemisphere

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17
Q

What happens during veraison?

A

grapes truly ripen, soften, and change color

acidity decreases

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18
Q

What is the term for uneven ripening and what grape varieties does it most notable affect?

A

Millerandage

Zinfandel

Gewurztraminer, Sangiovese

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19
Q

What is cane ripening and when does it occur?

A

The stems on each shoot begin to lignify (become woody), accumulating carbohydrates to sustain the plant through the winter

Occurs in tandem with veraison

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20
Q

What is Vendange?

A

Harvest

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21
Q

When does harvest occur?

A

as early as late August, as late as beginning of November

botrytis affected or icewine grapes can hang until late November to December

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22
Q

What is physiological ripeness

A

ripening of tannin and other phenolics, condition of the berry and its pulp, and seed lignification (often requires longer hang time)

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23
Q

What happens after harvest?

A
  • optional fertilization applied in fall after harvest
  • vines lose leaves in autumn
  • enter winter dormancy
  • vines pruned over winter
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24
Q

What is climate?

A

expected temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wine, and other atmospheric elements

remains relatively stable from year to year

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25
Q

What is weather?

A

The daily manifestation of climate

responsible for vintage variation

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26
Q

What is the average annual temperature level preferred for vines?

A

between 50-68 F

ideal is 57

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27
Q

What average summer temperature is required to successfully ripen red grapes?

White?

A

70 F for red

66 for white

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28
Q

What band of latitude is viticulture generally restricted to?

A

30-50

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29
Q

What is the California Heat Summation Index?

A

A method of classifying climates solely by temperature

Degree days calculated by multiplying days in each month of growing season by average number of degrees over 50 that month

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30
Q

What is the growing season defined as for the California Heat Summation Index?

A

April 1 through October 31

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31
Q

California Heat Summation Index Range for Region Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V

A 
Degree Days
Region Ia	1,500-2,000° days F 
Region Ib	2,000-2,500° days F 
Region II	        2,500-3,000° days F 
Region III	        3,000-3,500° days F 
Region IV	3,500-4,000° days F 
Region V	        4,000-4,900° days F
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32
Q

What is the minimum amount of sunshine required to support viticulture?

A

~1,300 hours

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33
Q

Is there more sunshine in the growing season closer to the equator or further away?

A

further away

–> cooler climates often have more sunshine

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34
Q

How does cloud cover affect the vine?

A

does not affect photosynthesis

limits heat

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35
Q

How much rainfall is required to produce n adequate crop?

A

~20-30 inches anually

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36
Q

When is it ideal for the vine to receive rainfall?

A

In the winter and spring, and mostly dry in summer, like Mediterranean regions

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37
Q

What is water stress?

A

Too little rain, promotes smaller berry size, yield and eventually interrupts ripening and shuts down vine

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38
Q

What can happen if a vine receives too much rain?

A
  • dilutes fruit quality

- promotes fungal diseases

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39
Q

How can wind negatively and positively affect vines?

A
  • can undermine flowering
  • wind chill can devastate
  • can stifle mold and mildew
  • can prevent frost (wind machines)
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40
Q

What is terroir?

A

defines the complete system of the living vine
entire system of factors that influence the development of the vine

comprised of location, topography, soil, climate, and hand of man

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41
Q

Define:
Macroclimate
Mesoclimate
Microclimate

A

Macroclimate - regional climate, some regions have more than one

Mesoclimate - climate of a particular vineyard, some have more than one (Corton)
-aspect and shelter essential

Microclimate - climate in and around vine canopy, all parts of vine above ground
-canopy management allows man’s intervention

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42
Q

What is aspect?

A

degree and direction of a slope

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43
Q

What are a few canopy management techniques?

A

winter pruning
leaf removal
shoot positioning
trellising systems

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44
Q

What soil type is preferred for vines?

A 
Low-fertility
well drained 
easily penetrated
good water retention
heat retention/reflection depending on climate
high pH leads to low pH wine
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45
Q

How can soil acidity be countered?

A

Apply lime

46
Q

What is a clone?

A

identical genetic reproduction of a single vine, chosen for disease resistance, hardiness, yield, aromatics, structure, color

47
Q

What is mass selection? (selection massale)

A

selecting budwood (scion) to replant from a number of vines throughout a vineyard

goal - reinforce positive traits, eliminate negative traits, maintain genetic diversity

48
Q

What are some reasons to select rootstock?

A

resistance to phylloxera
withstand disease and drought
tolerance to salt and lime
effect on vine vigor

49
Q

When does a vine start producing crop suitable for harvest?

When is a vine mature?

When are the roots mature?

When does yield in commercial vineyards decline?

When does vine typically become uneconomical?

A

3 years

6 years

10 years (dependent on soil/climate)

20 years

50 years

50
Q

Name the three components of vine training:

A

pruning
shaping
trellising

51
Q

Name the two objectives of vine training:

A

maximize the vine’s performance in local conditions

keep its canes from touching the ground and establishing new roots

52
Q

What is Cordon training?

A

At least one permanent cane extends from the trunk (called arm or cordon)

  • grows thick and gnarled over time
  • fruit bearing shoots emerge from it each season

generally requires trellis system

53
Q

What is head training?

A

No permanent cordon, trunk ends in a knob, or head

  • maybe trellised, but commonly thought as alternative to trellising
  • synonymous with bush vines
54
Q

What kind of pruning may be done for head trained vines?

A

spur-pruning or cane pruning

55
Q

What kind of pruning is done for codon-trained vines?

A

Spur pruning

56
Q

What is a spur?

A

A (woody) cane cut back to two buds

57
Q

What is a “kicker cane”

A

An extra cane left just in case as a way of combining spur and cane pruning on an otherwise spur trained cordon

58
Q

When was the guyot system developed

A

1860, by Jules Guyot

59
Q

What type of pruning/training does the Guyot system use?

A

cane-pruning, head training

requires trellis

60
Q

What type of pruning/training does the Gobelet system use?

A

spur-pruning, head training

61
Q

Where is the Gobelet system notable used?

A

Southern Rhône, Southern Italy

62
Q

What is the name for the Gobelet system in Italy?

Spain?

Australia?

A

Albarello

En vaso

Bush vines

63
Q

What type of pruning/training does the Cordon de Royat system use?

A

spur-pruning, cordon training

64
Q

What is the preferred training system for Pinot Noir in Champagne?

A

Cordon de Royat

65
Q

What does Cordon de Royat training look like?

A

A single spur pruned cordon extends horizontally from the trunk

66
Q

Name two other spur pruned/cordon trained systems

A

Lyre system, Geneva System

67
Q

What is Vertical Shoot Positioning? (VSP)

A

A trellising system used for both cane and spur trained vines

68
Q

What is the Tendone system? What is it known as in Italy? Portugal?

A

A system where vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath

Pergola (Italy)
Enforcado (Portugal)

69
Q

What are the four main groups of diseases that can affect a vine?

A

Fungal, Viral, Bacterial, Phytoplasma

70
Q

What kind of climate breads fungal diseases? How are spores spread?

A

warm and damp

Spread by wind, and rain

71
Q

What type(s) of vine disease can be spread only through grafting or insects?

A

Viral and phytoplasma

72
Q

What are grapevine yellows?

A

Another name for the phytoplasma diseases. Caused widespread difficulties in the 21st C

73
Q

What is Daktulosphaira vitifoliae?

A
  • the aphid known as Phylloxera, a root louse

- Native to the Eastern US

74
Q

When/where did phylloxera first spread to Europe?

A

In the early 1860s, to the Southern Rhône Valley from cuttings imported from the US

75
Q

What is the one notable wine growing country that has never been affected by phylloxera?

A

Chile

76
Q

How does phylloxera destroy vines?

A

Destroys the root system

77
Q

What type of soil acts as a natural barrier against phylloxera?

A

Sand

78
Q

What other bugs can act as carriers (vectors) of disease?

A

Mealy bugs, nematodes, glassy-winged sharpshooters

79
Q

What is another name for Oidium?

A
  • Powdery Mildew

- Fungal Disease

80
Q

How does powdery mildew affect vines?

How can it be controlled?

A
  • marks all green part of the plants (grapes, leaves, shoots) with dusty white mildew growth.
  • inhibits development and ripening
  • creates off-flavors!

-controlled through sulfur and fungicide application

81
Q

What is Peronospora?

A
  • Downy mildew

- Fungal Disease

82
Q

Where did Downy mildew originate?

A

US, then spread to Europe in 1880s through cuttings

83
Q

How does downy mildew affect vines?

A

limits ability to photosynthesize by causing leaves to fall off

84
Q

How does downy mildew present and how can it be controlled?

A

Presents as oil spot on leaf of the vine, then cottony growth on underside of leaves.

Controlled with Bordeaux Mixture

85
Q

What is the Bordeaux Mixture and what was it developed to combat?

A

Copper sulfate, water, lime

developed by 1885 to prevent downy mildew

86
Q

What is another name for dead arm

A
  • Eutypa Dieback
  • Fungal Disease

caused by Eutypa lata fungus

87
Q

How do spores enter for Eutypa Dieback

A
  • spores carried by rain

- enter through pruning wounds

88
Q

Climate for Eutypa Dieback? What does it do?

A

Mediterranean

stunted shoot growth
infected cane may die (the dead arm)

89
Q

Does Eutypa Dieback affect quality? Quantitiy?

A

Drastic effect on yield, but doesnt devalue quality

D’Arenburg!!!

90
Q

What is Esca? Unique about what causes it?

What does it do?

A

-Fungal Disease

  • Black Measles - no cure or control!
  • caused by COMPLEX of fungi, not just one
  • young vines - weaken growth, bad berry development, discoloration
  • old vines - interior of trunk and arms soften and rot from inside, rarely live past 30 yrs old
91
Q

Where is Black Rot native to? How does it present, what does it do, can it be controlled?

A
  • Native to North America
  • Guignardia bidwelli fungus
  • black spot on shoots, leaves, berries
  • yield reduction
  • control with fungicide
92
Q

What is bunch rot? What does it do?

A
  • Fungal Disease
  • group of similar diseases caused by number of species
  • generally - reduces yield, may adversely affect with moldy off flavors
93
Q

Malevolent vs preferred form of Botrytis Bunch rot?

What % humidity required?

A

Grey rot vs Noble rot!

  • Botrytis cinerea
  • 90% humidity required
94
Q

Three Fungal diseases that started in North America

A

Downy Mildew
Powdery Mildew
Black Rot

95
Q

What bacterium causes Pierce’s disease?

How is it commonly trasmitted?

A

Xylella fastidiosa
(Bacterial Disease)

Glassy-winged-sharpshooter

96
Q

How does Pierces disease affect vines? WHere is it common and spreading? How do you control?

A
  • scourge - renders vines incapable of producing chlorophyll - kills in 1-5 yrs
  • common in South US and Mexico, but spreading to California!
  • no control or cure!!!
97
Q

Fungal Diseases (6)

A
  • Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
  • Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
  • Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)
  • Esca (Black Measles)
  • Black Rot
  • Bunch Rot
98
Q

Bacterial Diseases (3)

A

Pierce’s Disease
Crown Gall (Black knot)
Bacterial Blight

99
Q

What is Black Knot?

A

Crown Gall - Bacterial Disease
-caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium

vine develops tumors! (galls)

100
Q

What Bacterial disease thrives in cool climates?

A

Crown Gall - Black knot

101
Q

What is Bacterial Blight caused by? What does it do? How can it spread and be controlled?

A

Bacterial Disease
-Xanthomonas ampelina bacterium

  • kills young grapevine shoots
  • (dark brown steaks then wither and die)
  • spread by rain and pruning tools
  • controlled with hot water treatment and copper spray like BDX mixture
102
Q

Viral Diseases (2)

A
  • Leafroll Virus

- Fanleaf Degeneration

103
Q

What does Leafroll Virus cause? How does it manifest/spread? Is it curable?

A
  • Production loses, reduced yields, delayed ripening
  • radiant shades of red and gold in autumn with downward curling of leaves
  • spread by propagation of infected vines or insects like mealy bug
  • not curable!!! but wont kill vine.
104
Q

Describe Fanleaf Degeneration

A
  • Viral Disease
  • spread by soil nematodes
  • curtails yields, deforms shoot growth, poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries
  • misformed leaves resemble fans - may have yellow bands at veins
  • infected vineyards must be removed
105
Q

What type of disease is Flavescence Dorée?

A

Phytoplasma Disease (grapevine yellows

106
Q

Where did Flavescence Dorée first appear? how did it spread and what does it to? Can it be cured?

A
  • Armagnac 1949
  • spread by leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines
  • delays budbreak, slow shoot growth, bunches fall off vine and verries shrivel
  • can kill young vines
  • no cure! but insecticides can delay spread
107
Q

Can wine labeled Organic in US or Australia contain sulphites?

A

NO

so most good bottles would say “made from organically grown grapes”

108
Q

Describe IPM (Integrated Pest Management)

A
  • sustainable approach to weed, insect and disease problems
  • targeted application of some synthetic products, but reduces use and often used in transition to organics

-ensuring health of other flora and fauna in and around vineyard to help combat vine pests and diseases naturally

109
Q

Where is VINEA?

A

Walla Walla

-farm in accordance to standards of LIVE (Low Input Viticulture and Enology)

110
Q

What percentage must be Salmon Safe to be OSCW (Oregon Sustainable Certified Wine?

A

97%

-must be certified by LIVE or USDA Organic

111
Q

Father of Biodynamics

-modern embodiment?

A

Rudolf Steiner (Austrian)

  • introduced in 1924
  • Nicolas Joly in Loire

Viticulture/Vinification - SD (2 decks)

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