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Viticulture and Vinification > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

What is viticulture?

A

The study of grape growing.

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2
Q

What are some of the things that viticulturists do to control the vine?

A

Canopy management, vine training, pruning method, fertilization, irrigation, harvest dates and disease control.

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3
Q

What is “weeping” or “bleeding” for the vine?

A

In Feburary is when the sap becomes active and tears up from where the vine was pruned in the winter.

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4
Q

What avg temp allows the vine to return from dormancy?

A

An avg temp surpasses 50 degrees F

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5
Q

When does bud break generally occur?

A

March or April.

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6
Q

What are the small green clusters called that form before flowering?

A

Embryo bunches

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7
Q

When does flowering occur after bud break?

A

six to thirteen weeks after budbreak

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8
Q

For about how long do the embryo bunches bloom for?

A

Abut 10 days.

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9
Q

Are vines self pollinating?

A

Yes.

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10
Q

What does successful fertilization lead to?

A

Fruit set.

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11
Q

What is each grape a product of?

A

An individual fertilization.

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12
Q

What does fruit set generally hover around?

A

30% fruit set.

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13
Q

What happens to the unfertilized berries?

A

They shatter and fall to the ground.

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14
Q

What happens in the coming month after fruit set?

A

Berries remain hard, green and high in acid as they grow bigger.

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15
Q

What happens in August?

A

Véraison, which is when grapes truly begin to ripen.

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16
Q

What happens to the sugars in the plant as grapes ripen?

A

Sugars are moved from the leaf system to the fruit.

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17
Q

What occurs in tandem to veraison?

A

cane ripening the stems begin to lignify and plant accumulates carbohydrates to sustain its;f through winter.

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18
Q

When are grapes harvested?

A

optimal balance of sugar and acid.

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19
Q

What is harvesting referred to as?

A

Vendage

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20
Q

What have New World winemakers done for ripening?

A

New World winemakers have greatly advanced the idea of complete physiological ripeness—a concept of ripeness comprising not only must weight and pH, but also the ripening of tannin and other phenolics, the condition of the berry and its pulp, and seed lignification—which often requires longer “hang time” for the grapes on the vine.

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21
Q

How does one determine what is happening in the southern hemisphere in grapes life cycle?

A

Take when it happens in the Northern Hemisphere and add six months to it.

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22
Q

What does Climate encompass?

A

Expected temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wind and other atmospheric elements that remain relatively stable from year to year.

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23
Q

What is weather?

A

A daily manifestation of climate, generally held responsible for vintage variation.

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24
Q

What annual level of temperature does a vine enjoy?

A

Between 50 degrees F and 68 degrees. Optimal being 57 degrees.

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25
Q

For red grapes to successfully ripen what average temperature is the best?

A

70 degrees.

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26
Q

What average temperature do whites grapes prefer to optimally ripen?

A

66 degrees.

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27
Q

What are the optimal bands of latitude required to successfully ripen grapes?

A

Between 30-50 degrees latitude.

28
Q

Are there some successful vineyards outside of this range?

A

yes, but it’s rare.

29
Q

What is one method of classifying climates?

A

Temperature. Therefore recommending grape varieties that are appropriate for that temperature.

30
Q

What is the California Heat Summation index?

A

It is a way of determining the temperature overtime of a certain region. Separated into five regions.

31
Q

How does one determine the region number?

A

Multiply the days in the growing season April 1st to October 31st by the mean number of days over 50 degrees. Then the solution for each month is added together.

32
Q

Name the range of the five different regions in the heat summation index.

A 
Region Ia 1,500-2,000
Region Ib 2,000-2,500
Region II 2,500-3,000
Region III 3,000-3,500
Region IV 3,500-4,000
Region V 4,000-4,900
(All in Fahrenheit)
33
Q

What is the minimum required hours of sun to support viticulture?

A

1,300 hours

34
Q

Depending on the warmth of the climate about how much rain is required for success of the vine?

A

20-30inches

35
Q

What is the ideal situation for rain on the vine?

A

A mediterean climate where it rains mostly in the spring and fall and remain mostly dry during the summer.

36
Q

What is water stress?

A

it is when the vine receives to little water - over a shorter period of time can promote smaller berry size and low yields. But over a longer period of time can harm the quality of the fruit as the vine will begin to shut down.

37
Q

What kind of influence is wind?

A

Climactic - as can help reduce mold and mildew in the vineyard. But if too hard can de-nude the vines.

38
Q

Will too much rain hurt the vine?

A

No, it will however dilute fruit quality.

39
Q

What is terroir?

A

Terroir has no english equivalent of translation. It defines the complete living system and factors of the vine.

40
Q

What is the Microclimate of Terroir?

A

It is the regions climate, can vary in size depending on the factors affecting it. aka the Medoc with it’s even landscape, gentle slopes and it’s maritime climate.

41
Q

What region can easily be divided into several Microclimates?

A

Napa Valley with it’s Valley’s and Mountains

42
Q

What is a good example of a Mesoclimate?

A

The climate of a particular vineyard. Aspect, slope, shelter. La Tache monopole. Whereas Corton has several Mesoclimates.

43
Q

What can slopes provide?

A

Great drainage and altitude change. Cooler as you go up.

44
Q

What does the Microclimate refer to?

A

A single vines and it’s canopy management.

45
Q

What is a good example of a viticulturists affect on terroir?

A 
Canopy management. 
Winter pruning
leaf removal
shoot positioning
use of sophisticated trellising systems
46
Q

What are some of the qualities to consider when a grape grower choses a clone?

A 
disease resistance
hardiness
yield
aromatics
structure
color
47
Q

What is a vine clone?

A

identical genetic reproductions of a single vine

48
Q

What are the two ways that producers “propagate” their wines?

A 
Clonal Selection
Mass Selection (Selection Massale)
49
Q

In what region is Selection Massale used quite frequently?

A

Burgundy

50
Q

What is particular about Selection Massale?

A

The producer uses the own budwood from a number of different choice plants to graph onto either their own rootstocks or american disease resistant rootstock.

51
Q

What is special about Selection Massale?

A

It allows the producer to choose based on the performance or trait of the certain current vine. Allows for a broader genetic range.

52
Q

Besides resistance to disease what else can the rootstock aid in?

A

Drought resistance
Affects of salt/lime
vine vigor

53
Q

What is the name of the american rootstock that saved the world from Phylloxera?

A

Vitis raparia

54
Q

How long does it take for the vine to be productive after it is graphed?

A

3 yrs

55
Q

By what year of life is a grapevine considered mature?

A

6 yrs

56
Q

When does the root system reach full maturity?

A

10 yrs -takes longer in more difficult soils.

57
Q

what is the purpose of vine training?

A

To help it be the most productive in it’s environment.

58
Q

Do head trained vines have a permanent cordon?

A

No - they are pruned down to the stalk

59
Q

Do cordon trained vines generally require a trellising system?

A

yes

60
Q

What the name of trellised head trained vine?

A

guyot

61
Q

Head training though is continually associated with what kind of vine?

A

bush trained - single stake aka cdp

62
Q

Who invented the cane pruning/head-taining system Guyot?

A

Jules Guyot 1830

63
Q

What is the simplest for of cane pruning/head training?

A

Gobelet an unsupported vine

64
Q

What does VSP refer to in vine training?

A

Vertical Shoot Positioning

65
Q

Where is the Cordon de Rabat System used the most?

A

In Champange for Pinot Noir.

66
Q

What is the Cordon de Royat system similar too?

A

Similar to Guyot. Single spur pruned cordon extending horizontally. As opposed to to a two year old cane.

Viticulture and Vinification (2 decks)

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