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Viticulture & Vinification > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

The grower or viticulturalist confronts decisions on-

A

vine training and pruning methods, canopy management, fertilization and irrigation, harvest dates, and disease control; and monitors the development of the vineyard

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2
Q

The annual life cycle of the vine begins in the spring, with -

A

budbreak

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3
Q

The vine, will start “__” or “__” watery sap from pruned canes sometime in February (in the Northern Hemisphere)

A

weeping, bleeding

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4
Q

The vine will finally emerge from dormancy as the average air temperature surpasses-

A

50°F

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5
Q

Budbreak usually occurs in-

A

March or April

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6
Q

During budbreak the first small shoots and leaves will break through buds left intact by __

A

winter pruning

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7
Q

What is the vine vulnerable to during budbreak?

A

frost

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8
Q

The vine’s foliage continues to develop through the early spring, and small green clusters called __ form on the shoots by mid-April

A

embryo bunches

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9
Q

Flowering occurs __ weeks after the initial budbreak, depending on the climate

A

6-13

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10
Q

During flowering, the embryo bunches bloom into small flowers for about 10 days, and the self-pollinating grapevine begins the process of-

A

fertilization, which leads to fruit set

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11
Q

As the vine flowers, it is extremely susceptible to the damaging effects of-

A

cold, frost, and wind

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12
Q

Successfully pollinated embryo bunches grow into true grape clusters during __—each grape is the product of individual fertilization

A

fruit set

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13
Q

Fruit set usually hovers around __%—the remaining embryo berries “shatter,” falling from the cluster

A

30

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14
Q

As the berries enlarge through July, they remain-

A

hard, high in acidity and low in sugar

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15
Q

In August, however, __ begins and the grapes begin to truly ripen, as sugars are moved from the leaf system to the fruit

A

veraison (véraison)

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16
Q

During veraison, the grapes soften and change color—turning from green to red-black or yellow-green— and__ decreases

A

acidity

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17
Q

While veraison swiftly affects an individual grape, it may not __ a whole bunch

A

evenly affect

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18
Q

Some varieties, such as __, are characterized by extremely uneven ripening, in which veraison haphazardly affects each bunch

A

Zinfandel

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19
Q

__ occurs in tandem with veraison

A

Cane ripening

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20
Q

Describe Cane ripening

A

the stems on each shoot begin to lignify, accumulating carbohydrates to sustain the plant through the winter

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21
Q

Once the grapes have achieved an optimal balance of sugar and acid, they are ready for __

A

harvest (vendange)

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22
Q

Harvest, by either manual or mechanical means, begins as early as late__, and may last through the beginning of__.

A

August, November

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23
Q

__ grapes are generally harvested before__ grapes

A

White, red

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24
Q

Some white grapes destined for the specialized botrytised dessert wines or icewine may hang on the vine until-

A

late November or December

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25
Q

New World winemakers have greatly advanced the idea of __ ripeness

A

complete physiological

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26
Q

Describe complete physiological ripeness

A

A concept of ripeness comprising not only must weight and pH, but also the ripening of tannin and other phenolics, the condition of the berry and its pulp, and seed lignification—which often requires longer “hang time” for the grapes on the vine.

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27
Q

The vines lose their leaves in the autumn, and enter a period of __

A

winter dormancy

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28
Q

__ may be applied in the fall after harvest

A

Fertilization

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29
Q

Note: For equivalent dates in southern hemisphere vineyards, add __

A

six months

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30
Q

The vines will be__ over the winter to prepare for next year’s growth

A

pruned

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31
Q

Climate encompasses-

A

expected temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wind, and other atmospheric elements

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32
Q

Climate vs. Weather

A

Climate remains relatively stable from year to year—weather is the daily manifestation of climate, and is generally responsible for vintage variation

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33
Q

For temperature, the vine prefers a mean annual level between __° - __°F, with an ideal of __°F

A

50°-68°F, 57°F

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34
Q

To successfully ripen, red grapes require an average summer temperature of approx _

A

70°F

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35
Q

To successfully ripen, white grapes require an average summer temperature of approx __ °F

A

66°F

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36
Q

Viticulture is generally restricted to the temperate bands of latitude between __ and __

A

30° and 50° in both the northern/southern hemispheres

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37
Q

certain pockets of viticulture exist, due to privileged exposures and climatic conditions, outside of these general bands of latitude, but what is changing?

A

climate change may expand the grapevine’s habitat in the coming years

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38
Q

One method of classifying climates solely by temperature—and therefore recommending varieties appropriate to that temperature—is the __

A

California Heat Summation Index

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39
Q

The California Heat Summation Index divides climates into-

A

5 Regions based on the # of degree days

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40
Q

Degree days are calculated by-

A

multiplying the days in each month of the growing season (defined as April 1 through October 31) by the mean number of degrees over 50°F for that month

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41
Q

The months’ totals of Degree Days are then added together to arrive at the __

A

heat summation

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42
Q

California Heat Summation Region 1

A

less than 2,500° days F (less than 1,371° days C)

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43
Q

California Heat Summation Region 2

A

2,500-3,000° days F (1,372-1,649° days C)

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44
Q

California Heat Summation Region 3

A

3,000-3,500° days F (1,650-1,927° days C)

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45
Q

California Heat Summation Region 4

A

3,500-4,000° days F (1,928-2,204° days C)

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46
Q

California Heat Summation Region 5

A

more than 4,000° days F (more than 2,205° days C)

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47
Q

Temperature and__ are closely related

A

sunshine

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48
Q

Sunshine is a requirement for __

A

photosynthesis

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49
Q

Describe photosynthesis

A

in which plants convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, including sugars

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50
Q

The minimum amount of sunshine required to support viticulture is approx __ hours

A

1,300 hours

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51
Q

Sunshine during the growing season increases where?

A

the farther one moves away from the equator, vines in the cooler climates often enjoy more sunshine than vines in the warmer climates

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52
Q

What does Cloud Cover effect?

A

Will not greatly impact the transmission of light for the purposes of photosynthesis, but it will affect the amount of heat the sun bestows on a vine

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53
Q

The vine evolved as a drought-resistant plant, but it still requires approx __ inches of rainfall annually to produce an adequate crop, depending on the warmth of the climate

A

20-30

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54
Q

Many Mediterranean winegrowing regions receive rainfall when?

A

an abundance of rain in winter and spring, and remain mostly dry through the summer—ideal for the vine

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55
Q

If the vine receives too little rain, what will occur?

A

water stress

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56
Q

Water Stress promotes what?

A

smaller berry size & yields but will lead to interrupted ripening and complete shutdown of the vine if too severe

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57
Q

Too much rain will not adversely affect the vine itself, but it will-

A

dilute fruit quality and create a friendly environment for fungal diseases

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58
Q

Wind can be a detriment to the vine if-

A

it blows persistently hard

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59
Q

At its most violent extreme, wind can-

A

undermine flowering and denude vines

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60
Q

In _ climates, wind chill can be especially devastating

A

colder

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61
Q

Wind can be a detriment to problems such as __ and __

A

mold and mildew

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62
Q

Wind machines are often employed in the battle against frost to-

A

mix colder, settled air near the ground with warmer upper air

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63
Q

What is a macroclimate?

A

the regional climate

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64
Q

What is mesoclimate?

A

the climate of a particular vineyard

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65
Q

What are essential to distinctions in mesoclimate?

A

aspect (degree and direction of its slope) and shelter of a vineyard

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66
Q

Pros/cons to slopes?

A

Slopes provide good drainage and may benefit from increased sunshine, but temperature falls steadily with added altitude

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67
Q

What is a microclimate?

A

refers to the climate in and around a vine canopy, the restricted space including all parts of the vine above the ground

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68
Q

What have been developed to adjust the microclimate of a vine?

A

Techniques of canopy management, particularly in its exposure to sunshine and its eventual yield

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69
Q

Name some techniques of canopy management

A

winter pruning, leaf removal, shoot positioning, use of sophisticated trellising systems

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70
Q

What is a major aspect of a vine’s success?

A

Soil type

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71
Q

What contributes to higher acidity (low pH) in grapes?

A

High soil pH

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72
Q

What can be a deterrent to viticulture and can be countered by the application of lime?

A

Soil acidity (low pH)

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73
Q

Once a vineyard is established, the grower may choose to propagate the vines by either __ selection or __ selection

A

clonal selection or mass selection (selection massale)

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74
Q

Mass selection, popular in Burgundy, enables the grower to select budwood for replanting from a number of vines throughout the vineyard, rather than

A

single clones

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75
Q

Mass selection maintains a __ __ __ by the grower attempting to reinforce positive traits and eliminate negative traits through appropriate selection

A

broader genetic diversity

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76
Q

Mass selection is __ precise than clonal selection

A

less

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77
Q

During mass selection the scion is grafted onto a separate rootstock, usually __

A

American rootstock

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78
Q

Budwood selection also known as __

A

scion

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79
Q

What rootstocks are highly resistant to the phylloxera louse?

A

lowly American grapevine species—Vitis riparia and others

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80
Q

A grower may select a particular rootstock not just for its resistance to phylloxera, but also its ability to-

A

withstand other diseases and drought, its tolerance to salt and lime, and/or its effect on vine vigor

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81
Q

Once grafted and planted, the vine will not usually produce a crop of grapes suitable for harvest until its __ year

A

third

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82
Q

In many European appellations, growers are prohibited from harvesting grapes for wine until the vine is at least __ years old

A

3

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83
Q

By its __th year, the grapevine is considered mature; shoot growth and the vine’s annual yield, in the absence of major stresses, stabilize.

A

6th

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84
Q

The root system will grow to maturity by the __ year, although poorer soils will slow growth.

A

10th

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85
Q

The yield of many commercial vineyards will begin to decline after __ years, and vineyards are often uneconomical to maintain after 50 years of age.

A

20

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86
Q

What does vine training include?

A

processes of pruning, shaping, and trellising the vine

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87
Q

The objective of vine training is to-

A

maximize the vine’s performance in local conditions and to keep its canes from touching the ground and establishing new roots

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88
Q

The grapevine does not have a self-supporting structure, and must often be tethered to-

A

another apparatus: a tree, stake, or a wire trellis

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89
Q

the principles of __ management are voiced through the selection of a training system

A

canopy

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90
Q

Most vines can be classified as either __-trained or __-trained

A

head, cordon

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91
Q

In cordon training, the vine has at least one permanent _ that extends from the trunk, called an __/__

A

cane, arm/cordon

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92
Q

Head-trained vines have no permanent __, and the trunk ends in a __/ __

A

cordon, knob/head

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93
Q

__ -trained vines generally require a trellising system, whereas __-trained vines may be supported by a simple stake, or not at all

A

Cordon, head

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94
Q

Although head-trained vines may technically be trellised, head-training is commonly asserted as-

A

an alternative to trellising, synonymous with bush vines

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95
Q

Head-trained vines may be __-pruned or __-pruned, whereas cordon-trained vines are just __-pruned

A

spur, cane, spur

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96
Q

If left on the vine, a green shoot (__) will harden to become a woody cane after a season

A

fruiting cane

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97
Q

Along the cane are a number of __, which will each produce a shoot during spring budbreak

A

buds

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98
Q

The spur is a cane cut back to __ buds

A

2

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99
Q

If a vine is spur-pruned, the upper cane growing from a spur will be removed during winter pruning, and the lower cane-

A

growing from the same spur will be cut back to two buds, creating a new spur

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100
Q

In Cordon, each spur will produce 2 fruiting canes each year, one of which will become-

A

the following year’s spur

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101
Q

Cordon-trained vines contain several __ along the length of the arm

A

spurs

102
Q

In its simplest form, cane pruning requires the grower to retain-

A

one spur and one cane

103
Q

The number of buds left on the cane may range from __, and European appellation systems often establish a max number for each grape

A

6-12+

104
Q

In Cordon, the buds on the 2-yr-old cane each release shoots that will produce-

A

a season’s fruit

105
Q

In Cordon, the entire 2-yr-old main cane and its fruiting canes are __ after the growing season.

A

removed

106
Q

In the 2yr old main cane’s place, one of the __ canes from the spur is selected and retained to become the following season’s main cane

A

1-year-old

107
Q

Although cane-pruning is usually only used on head-trained vines, some growers occasionally merge the style with cordon-training, retaining a “__” along an otherwise spur-trained cordon

A

kicker cane

108
Q

One of the most basic systems of cane-pruning/head-training is the-

A

Guyot system, developed in the 1860 by Jules Guyot

109
Q

the Guyot system requires a __ trellis on which the canes can be suspended, and has one spur and one main two-year-old cane

A

vertical

110
Q

The Guyot Double variant supports __main canes, extending outward from the trunk on opposite sides

A

2

111
Q

The simplest form of spur-pruning/head-training is the __ system, an ancient technique common in the Southern Rhône and Southern Italy

A

Goblet

112
Q

Describe the Goblet system

A

the vine, often unsupported, resembles a goblet, with each year’s fruiting canes extending from the spur-pruned, shortened arms atop the trunk

113
Q

In Italy the Gobelet system is known as-

A

albarello

114
Q

In Spain the Gobelet system is known as-

A

en vaso

115
Q

Australians often refer to Gobelet system vines as-

A

bush vines

116
Q

One of the simplest spur-pruned/cordon-trained systems is the __, the preferred training style for Pinot Noir in Champagne

A

Cordon de Royat

117
Q

The Cordon de Royat system is similar to the Guyot system, in that-

A

a single spur-pruned permanent cordon extending horizontally from the trunk, rather than a 2-year-old cane.

118
Q

What is a close variant to the Geneva system of training?

A

the Lyre system

119
Q

The spur-pruned/cordon-trained Geneva/Lyre system is more complicated, in that-

A

as cordons extend outward from the trunk in a flat “U” shape, creating a divided canopy

120
Q

Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP), a trellising system, may be used for either __ or __ vines

A

cane-pruned or spur-pruned

121
Q

The Tendone system is known as __ in Italy and __ in Portugal

A

pergola, enforcado

122
Q

The Tendone system is an alternative training system in which the vines are trained-

A

upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath

123
Q

Tendone vines may be either-

A

spur- or cane-pruned

124
Q

Diseases that affect the vine can be broadly categorized into what 4 main groups?

A
  1. fungal
  2. viral
  3. bacterial
  4. phytoplasma
125
Q

Fungal diseases manifest as what?

A

mildew or mold

126
Q

Fungal diseases are typically associated with what climates?

A

warm and damp climates

127
Q

Fungal diseases attack either the __ or the __ of the grapevine

A

root system or the canopy

128
Q

Fungal spores are spread by-

A

wind and rain

129
Q

Once entrenched in a vine, fungal diseases may-

A

infect an entire vineyard

130
Q

What are some of the most worrisome fungal diseases?

A

powdery and downy mildew

131
Q

Powdery and downy mildew originated in-

A

in America, arriving in Europe on cuttings in the 19th century

132
Q

Fungal diseases, while problematic in the past, can be successfully controlled—if not wholly eradicated—through-

A

fungicide sprays and other applications

133
Q

Bacterial diseases are less common but how are controlled?

A

difficultly and can be extremely devastating to the health of the vine

134
Q

How are viral disease spread?

A

through grafting or transmitted by insects

135
Q

Virus’ affect on vines?

A

are often less immediately destructive than bacterial diseases, yet there is no known cure for many common viruses affecting grapevines

136
Q

Infected viral vines experience what?

A

a shortened lifespan, reduced yields and a changed quality of fruit

137
Q

Viral diseases are controlled through what?

A

removal and appropriate selection for propagation

138
Q

Phytoplasma diseases are caused by-

A

phytoplasmas, pathogens similar to bacteria, yet they are symptomatically similar to viral diseases and, like viruses, must be spread through an insect vector or rootstock grafting

139
Q

Phytoplasma diseases are also known as ___

A

grapevine yellows

140
Q

Grapevine yellows were first recorded in Europe in the-

A

mid-1990s, and may cause widespread difficulties in the 21st century

141
Q

One of the most historically important and devastating blights on the vine is not a disease at all, but an infestation: __

A

phylloxera

142
Q

The tiny Daktulosphaira vitifoliae was originally called __

A

Phylloxera vastatrix

143
Q

What is Phylloxera vastatrix?

A

An aphid that feeds on the roots of vines

144
Q

Phylloxera is native to-

A

the Eastern United States, but it quickly spread through Europe from cuttings imported to the Southern Rhône Valley in the early 1860s

145
Q

Phylloxera will kill vines by-

A

destroying its root system

146
Q

Most of the world’s Vitis vinifera vines are today grafted onto-

A

native American vine rootstocks, which are naturally resistant to the phylloxera root louse

147
Q

Sandier soils, such as those found in __, act as a natural barrier, impeding the spread of phylloxera

A

Colares in Portugal

148
Q

What insects act as carriers, or vectors, of disease, and their appearance in the vineyard may be a harbinger of a coming infection?

A

mealy bugs, nematodes, and glassy-winged sharpshooters

149
Q

Powdery Mildew (Oidium) is native to-

A

North America, the Uncinula necator fungus has spread worldwide

150
Q

Powdery Mildew thrives in what conditions?

A

humid yet dry conditions—rainfall is actually a detriment to the survival of its spores

151
Q

Powdery Mildew, during its anamorph stage, is known as __

A

Oidium tuckerii

152
Q

Powdery mildew affects what parts of the plant?

A

all green parts, marking grapes, leaves, and shoots with its dusty white mildew growth

153
Q

Powdery mildew prefers what weather?

A

densely shaded canopies and overcast weather, and greatly inhibits bunch development and ripening

154
Q

If powdery mildew hits prior to flowering than-

A

yields will be reduced

155
Q

If powdery mildew hits after fruit set then-

A

berries will struggle to achieve veraison and reach full size

156
Q

Fruit affected by powdery mildew is universally avoided in the winemaking process, as it creates-

A

off-flavors in the wine

157
Q

Powdery mildew, first recorded in England in __, spread quickly throughout the Vitis vinifera vineyards of Europe but was soon controlled by applications of sulfur and other fungicides.

A

1847

158
Q

Downy mildew is also known as ___

A

Peronospora

159
Q

Downy mildew also emigrated to __ on __

A

Europe on North American vine cuttings

160
Q

Downy mildew spread rampantly through France and the rest of Europe in the early __

A

1880s

161
Q

Plasmopara viticola, the agent of downy mildew, attacks what?

A

the green portions of the vine, causing leaves to drop off the vine and limiting the vine’s ability to photosynthesize

162
Q

Downy mildew is first visible as-

A

an oil spot on vine leaves

163
Q

For Downy Mildew, as spores germinate-

A

cottony growth develops on the underside of the leaves

164
Q

For Downy Mildew,the fungus survives the winter on-

A

fallen leaves in the soil, and its spores reach the vine again with the help of rain splatter in the spring

165
Q

The blue-staining Bordeaux Mixture, a spray of copper sulfate, water and lime, was developed-

A

by 1885 to prevent outbreaks of downy mildew

166
Q

What regions prohibit the growth of downy mildew?

A

Arid regions

167
Q

Eutypa Dieback is also called ___

A

dead arm

168
Q

Eutypa Dieback is caused by __

A

the Eutypa lata fungus

169
Q

For Eutypa Dieback, Spores are carried by rain and enter the vine through-

A

pruning wounds

170
Q

Eutypa Dieback is common in what climates?

A

Mediterranean climates, the disease is difficult to control as it affects a wide number of plants

171
Q

Infected vines with Eutypa Dieback experience-

A

stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins, and eventually an infected cane may die—the dead arm

172
Q

The Dead arm disease has a drastic effect on-

A

yield, but does not devalue the quality of the crop

173
Q

Australia’s d’Arenberg ascribes a beneficial effect on quality to what?

A

the dead arm, and markets its icon Shiraz under the disease’s nickname

174
Q

A separate fungus from Eutypa Dieback, __, manifests as a similar disease

A

Phomopsis viticola

175
Q

Esca is also known as __

A

Black Measles

176
Q

One of the earliest known fungal grapevine diseases, __ thrives in warmer climates but exists worldwide, and there is no known control or cure

A

Esca

177
Q

Unlike other fungal diseases, Esca is the result of-

A

a complex of fungi, rather than a single organism

178
Q

On young vines, Esca will-

A

weaken growth, affect berry development and discolor leaves; in hot weather an affected young vine may suddenly die

179
Q

In older vines, Esca affects-

A

the wood, causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside—a condition that led ancient Romans to use Esca-infected tree trunks for firewood, as its spongy interior quickly caught fire

180
Q

Mature, Esca-infected vines will rarely live past __ years of age

A

30

181
Q

Esca is exacerbated by-

A

rainfall and can be spread by wind or on the pruning shears of careless vineyard workers

182
Q

Black Rot is native to-

A

North America, spread to Europe with the importation of phylloxera-resistant rootstocks in the late 1800s

183
Q

Black Rot is caused by-

A

the Guignardia bidwelli fungus

184
Q

Black Rot originates on the plant as-

A

a black spot on the vine’s shoots, leaves, and berries

185
Q

Black Rot can be controlled through-

A

fungicide sprays

186
Q

Effect of Black Rot?

A

yield reductions can be disastrous if unchecked

187
Q

Bunch rot is a-

A

grouping of similar diseases caused by a number of fungi species

188
Q

Bunch rot effects?

A

reduce crop yields and may adversely affect the character of the wine, imbuing it with moldy off-flavors

189
Q

One of the most common forms of bunch rot is-

A

Botrytis bunch rot

190
Q

Bunch Rot is known in its malevolent form as-

A

grey rot

191
Q

the Botrytis cinerea fungus will break down the skin of berries and

A

allow other yeasts and bacteria to rot the grapes

192
Q

Botrytis cinerea spreads-

A

quickly throughout vineyards

193
Q

If Botrytis cinerea invades healthy white grapes under favorable conditions, it will instead result in-

A

the noble rot

194
Q

Botrytis bunch rot requires warm weather and humidity of-

A

at least 90% to germinate

195
Q

Pierce’s Disease is caused by-

A

the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa

196
Q

Pierce’s Disease is most commonly transmitted by-

A

the glassy-winged sharpshooter—a leafhopping insect found near citrus orchards and oleander plants

197
Q

Pierce’s Disease is a scourge, rendering vines-

A

incapable of producing chlorophyll and killing it within 1-5 years

198
Q

Pierce’s Disease is common in-

A

the southern United States and Mexico but is steadily moving northward in California, with sightings and outbreaks provoking major alarm in both Sonoma and Napa counties

199
Q

Pierce’s Disease solution?

A

neither a cure nor a chemical control for the disease, and authorities in other countries are maintaining strict quarantines to prevent its incursion

200
Q

Crown Gall is also known as __

A

Black Knot

201
Q

What bacterium causes the Crown Gall disease in a wide variety of plant species?

A

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium

202
Q

When affected with Crown Gall, a vine develops-

A

tumors (galls) on its trunk, which girdle and essentially strangle the vine, withering or killing outright the portions of the vine above

203
Q

Crown Gall thrives in what climates?

A

colder climates, and systemically live inside the grapevine

204
Q

During winter freezes, when the vine’s trunk may be ruptured, Crown Gall’s invades-

A

the outer trunk, rapidly multiplying and fomenting the onset of disease

205
Q

Crown Gall is spread through-

A

the propagation of bacteria-infected budwood

206
Q

Bacterial Blight is caused by-

A

the Xanthomonas ampelina bacterium

207
Q

Bacterial Blight often kills-

A

young grapevine shoots

208
Q

With blight, young shoots develop what?

A

dark brown streaks in early spring, and eventually wither and die

209
Q

Blight is spread by-

A

rain and compromised pruning tools

210
Q

Blight can be controlled by-

A

hot water treatments and copper sprays, such as the Bordeaux Mixture

211
Q

Leafroll Virus is a condition caused by-

A

a complex of at least 9 different viruses

212
Q

Leafroll Virus may be responsible for as much as __% of the world’s grape production losses

A

60

213
Q

Affected vines of Leafroll virus display-

A

radiant shades of red and gold in the autumn, such beautiful colors, combined with a characteristic downward curling of the leaves

214
Q

Leafroll virus effects?

A

reduced yields and delayed ripening

215
Q

Leafroll Virus is spread through-

A

propagation of infected vines or by an insect vector like the mealy bug

216
Q

Leafroll Virus is currently incurable but it will not-

A

kill the vine; thus, infected vines are not always removed

217
Q

Fanleaf Degeneration is a-

A

nepovirus spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots, severely curtails yields and affected vineyards must be removed

218
Q

A complex of similar diseases, Fanleaf Degeneration deforms-

A

shoot growth, and leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries

219
Q

In Fanleaf Degeneration, the leaves on an infected vine are-

A

malformed, resembling fans in appearance, and may form yellow bands around the veins. The productive lifespan of the vine and its winter durability are diminished.

220
Q

Name a Phytoplasma Disease

A

Flavescence Dorée

221
Q

What is Flavescence Dorée?

A

A form of grapevine yellows

222
Q

Flavescence Dorée first appeared in-

A

Armagnac in 1949

223
Q

What spreads Flavescence Dorée?

A

Leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines

224
Q

Effects of Flavescence Dorée?

A

will initially delay budbreak and slow shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel, will discolor leaves, cause pustules and cracks to form, may kill young vines

225
Q

Cure for Flavescence Dorée?

A

No cure exists, although insecticides may be used to control leafhopper insect populations and retard its spread

226
Q

The discovery of synthetic nitrogen led to-

A

the development of chemical fertilizers, a Nobel Prize-winning endeavor blemished by its subsequent use in the poison gases of World Wars I and II

227
Q

GMOs (genetically modified organisms) have been banned in the EU since-

A

1998, but genetically modified yeasts were first employed in North American winemaking in 2006

228
Q

The ideal of sustainable viticulture, an unregulated (and therefore abused) term, is ultimately to-

A

return the vineyard to a self-sustaining position in harmony with the larger ecosystem to which it belongs

229
Q

In order to grow grapes organically in the US or Australia, synthetic chemical treatments and certain filtration procedures are forbidden but what is allowed?

A

copper and sulfur treatments, such as Bordeaux Mixture, may still be allowed

230
Q

When an American (or Australian) wine is labeled as organic, it must be-

A

produced from organically-grown grapes and contain no added sulfites

231
Q

No added sulfites can be a detriment in what way?

A

sulfites are an important (and almost universal) preservative in wine

232
Q

Many bottles are labeled as “wine made from organically grown grapes,” a designation which permits-

A

the addition of sulfites

233
Q

Despite the image of green, less than __% of California’s wineries use any organically grown grapes

A

10

234
Q

EU on organic wine requirments?

A

as of mid-2010, currently in the process of re-evaluating its organic requirements in regards to wine and sulfites

235
Q

While organic viticulture is admirable, it functions legally by-

A

the elimination of negative practices, rather than implementation of positive ones

236
Q

Aside from Organic, other models of sustainability take a different approach in-

A

promoting the long-term health of the soil and the vine’s relationship to its environment

237
Q

sustainability may govern (but is not limited to)-

A

water usage, energy efficiency, pest and erosion control, the planting of cover crops, the degree of mechanization, planting decisions, and even labor practices

238
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is considered a-

A

sustainable approach to weed, insect, and disease problems that tolerates the targeted application of some synthetic products, but limits their use overall

239
Q

Often, IPM is utilized as a vineyard transitions from-

A

conventional to organic viticulture, or it may be a part of a separate sustainability philosophy

240
Q

What is VINEA?

A

a voluntary group of Walla Walla Valley winegrowers who promote a holistic, socially- and environmentally-responsible methodology

241
Q

VINEA winegrowers may not be exclusively organic, but they do-

A

farm in accordance with the standards set forth by LIVE (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, a third-party certifying system) and the vineyards are certified as Salmon-Safe

242
Q

Oregon’s producers are at the forefront of sustainable approaches, and may label their wines as-

A

Oregon Sustainable Certified Wine (OSCW) provided 97% of fruit is certified by Salmon-Safe

243
Q

What must OSCW go through to certify both the fruit and the winery?

A

Another approved organization, such as LIVE or USDA Organic

244
Q

California Certified Sustainable Winegrowing (CCSW) provides-

A

incremental certification for wineries and vineyards based on a concept of continual improvement

245
Q

While less than __% of California’s wineries use any amount of organically grown grapes, over __% of the state’s vineyard acreage has been assessed (if not certified) for CCSW compatibility.

A

10, 60

246
Q

What is the ideal of biodynamic farming?

A

Observing the rhythms and forces of the Earth is, intrinsically tied to the success of any ecosystem—the farm, in concert with the cosmic periphery, becomes a whole organism, generating its own fertility as governed by the cycle of seasons and lunar activity

247
Q

Truly biodynamic vineyard workers will time their various tasks by-

A

motions of celestial bodies—particularly the moon

248
Q

Who introduced biodynamics?

A

Austrian Rudolf Steiner in 1924 and today personified by Nicolas Joly of the Loire

249
Q

Biodynamic agriculture requires the yearly application of

A

homeopathic preparations, produced from such animal and mineral substances as dandelion flowers, stinging nettles, and “horn manure” to ritually treat and heal the soil

250
Q

What is emphasize in biodynamics?

A

Biodiversity and soil rotation

251
Q

Who certifies biodynamic farms and vineyards internationally?

A

The Demeter Biodynamic Trade Association

Viticulture & Vinification (2 decks)

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