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Advanced Sommelier > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Most Common Grape Species

A

Vitis Aestivalis
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Rotundifolia
Vitis Rupestris
Vitis Vinifera

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2
Q

Bench grafting

A

Joining together a desired variety with a rootstock variety by machine in a warm environment, such as a greenhouse or nursery

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3
Q

Why is warmth essential for bench grafting?

A

Encourages the vines to fuse together

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4
Q

What kind of vines are used for bench grafting?

A

Young Vines

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5
Q

Berry Set

A

Just after flowering, each fertilized flower becomes a berry

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6
Q

French term for Budburst/Budbreak

A

Débourrement

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7
Q

Budburst/Budbreak

A

The first new green tissue emerges from each bud

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8
Q

Budswell

A

Buds become larger, indicating the onset of Budburst/budbreak

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9
Q

Clone

A

Offspring that is genetically identical to its parent

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10
Q

How are clones obtained?

A

Through vegetative propagation from cuttings

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11
Q

How are vines for clones selected?

A

Based on desired attribute such as cold tolerance, final wine characteristics, resistance to disease, vigor, yields, and more.

Mutations can occur as the vine matures

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12
Q

Crossing

A

Offspring created by breeding two different grape varieties

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13
Q

Dry Farming

A

When a vintner decides not to apply any water to the vineyard

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14
Q

Field grafting

A

Takes place in the vineyards with mature vines. If a vintner decides to change the grape variety between seasons, the existing vine is cut back to the trunk and a bud, or cutting, of the desired variety is grafted onto the trunk

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15
Q

How long does it take a newly planted vine to bear mature fruit?

A

3 years

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16
Q

What is the advantage of field grafting?

A

Less expensive

Following vintage will produce the newly grafted grape variety (vs 3 years for newly planted)

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17
Q

Another name for Field Grafting

A

Head Grafting

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18
Q

French term for Flowering/Anthesis

A

Floraison

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19
Q

Flowering/Anthesis

A

Pollen is released and fertilization occurs.

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20
Q

Are insects required for wine grapevines to pollinate?

A

No, wine grapevines self-pollinate

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21
Q

Graft Union

A

Scar tissue where the rootstock and scion were grafted

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22
Q

Why is grafting a common practice?

A

Due to the poor immune system of vines

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23
Q

Grafting

A

Process where the scion of one vine is connected to the rootstock of another vine and secured until the vine heals the wound and the two grow as one

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24
Q

Two common methods of grafting

A

Bench grafting
Field grafting (head grafting)

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25
Q

Green drop/Harvest

A

Crop-thinning pass made just after veraison to remove less ripe, green clusters

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26
Q

When is green drop/harvest done?

A

Just after veraison

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27
Q

French term for hens and chicks

A

Millerandage

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28
Q

Millerandage

A

Grape clusters with berries that vary in size and number of seeds.

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29
Q

What causes Millerandage?

A

Cold weather at flowering, mineral deficiency, or disease

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30
Q

What is the result of Millerandage?

A

Reduced yields and uneven ripening

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31
Q

French term for Hybrid

A

Hybride

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32
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring created by breeding two different grape species. Created via cross-pollination of the two parents

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33
Q

How are hybrids created?

A

By cross-pollinating the two different grape species parents

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34
Q

What is the difference between a crossing and a hybrid?

A

Hybrids are created via two different grape species

Crossings are created via two different grape varieties

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35
Q

Inflorescence

A

Cluster of flowers that, after berry set, becomes a grape cluster

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36
Q

French term for leafing

A

Effeuillage

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37
Q

Leafing

A

Process where leaves are removed from the canopy to reduce disease pressure or increase the amount of sunlight on the fruit

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38
Q

Why is leafing done?

A

To reduce disease pressure or increase the amount of sunlight on the fruit

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39
Q

French term for Marcottage or Layering

A

Provignage (“en foule”)

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40
Q

What is Marcottage/Layering?

A

Method of propagating vines by burying one cane to make another vine

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41
Q

French term for Pruning

A

Taille

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42
Q

Pruning

A

Process where excess wood is removed from the dormant vine, strategically leaving only buds that will produce shoots this year

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43
Q

French term for rootstock

A

Porte-greffe

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44
Q

Rootstock

A

Portion of the vine in contact with the soil. Rootstocks are typically phylloxera resistant

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45
Q

French term for Mass Selection

A

Selection Massale

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46
Q

Mass Selection

A

Selected budwood from multiple vines are planted in one vineyard

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47
Q

How is the budwood selected for Mass Selection/Selection Massale?

A

Based on desired attributes in order to promote growth in the vineyard, serve as an insurance plan, and often to increase complexity in the final wine

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48
Q

Scion

A

Portion of the vine above ground

(To combat phylloxera, grapevines are comprised of two vines that have been grafted together)

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49
Q

Typically, what species is the scion?

A

Vitis Vinifera

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50
Q

Shot berries

A

Small, hard green berries that contain no seeds

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51
Q

Suckering

A

Process of removing small, unwanted shoots that grow from latent buds on the trunk and cordon

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52
Q

Topping

A

Hedging the top of the vine to prevent it from growing taller

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53
Q

French term for Uneven set

A

Coulure

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54
Q

Coulure

A

Uneven set, occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering

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55
Q

What causes Coulure?

A

Cold weather during flowering or a mineral deficiency

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56
Q

What is the result of Coulure?

A

Reduced yields

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57
Q

Ungrafted vines

A

Term used to describe a vine that is on its original rootstock

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58
Q

What is true about ungrafted vines?

A

Typically very old, resulting in lower, but more concentrated production

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59
Q

Veraison/Véraison

A

Marks the start of ripening in the berries. Red grapes change color from green to red, sugar and flavor accumulation begins, acid is degraded, and the berry softens

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60
Q

What happens at veraison?

A

Red grapes change color from green to red

Sugar and flavor accumulation begins

Acid is degraded

Berry softens

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61
Q

Nickname of Vitis Aestivalis

A

Summer Grape

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62
Q

Nickname of Vitis Berlandieri

A

Fall Grape

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63
Q

Nickname of Vitis Labrusca

A

Fox Grape

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64
Q

Nickname of Vitis Riparia

A

Riverbank Grape

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65
Q

Nickname of Vitis Rupestris

A

Rock Grape

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66
Q

What is reported to be the oldest variety in America for commercial production?

A

Vitis Aestivalis

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67
Q

Attributes of Vitis Aestivalis

A

Prefers well draining soils on south facing slopes

High maintenance

Common characteristics to Vitis Vinifera

Does not graft well — so not commonly used for phylloxera protection

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68
Q

Attributes of Vitis Berlandieri

A

Grows well in limestone-rich soils

Does not root well so not commonly used for phylloxera protection

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69
Q

Attributes of Vitis labrusca

A

Grows well in cold climates

Commonly used for the production of kosher and dessert wines

Known for a distinct “foxy” aroma

Disease prone so not commonly used for phylloxera protection

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70
Q

Which American rootstock is commonly used in the production of kosher and dessert wine?

A

Vitis Labrusca

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71
Q

Attributes of Vitis Riparia

A

Grows well in cold climates as well as hot, humid climates

Commonly used for phylloxera protection due to climate tolerance, disease resistance, and its ability to root well

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72
Q

Attributes of Vitis rotundifolia

A

Grows well in regions with abundant sun exposure

Very disease resistant and known for highly floral, musky aromas

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73
Q

Attributes of Vitis Rupestris

A

Drought and disease resistant

Deep rooting

Grows well in rocky soils

Commonly used for phylloxera and hybrid production

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74
Q

Which American rootstocks are commonly used for phylloxera protection?

A

Vitis Riparia and Vitis Rupestris

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75
Q

Where is Vitis Aestivalis commonly planted?

A

Missouri

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76
Q

Where is Vitis Berlandieri commonly planted?

A

Texas

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77
Q

Where was Vitis labrusca developed?

Where is it commonly planted?

A

Massachusetts

Michigan/New York

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78
Q

Where is Vitis Riparia commonly planted?

A

Michigan and higher elevations throughout the USA

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79
Q

Where is Vitis rotundifolia commonly planted?

A

North Carolina

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80
Q

Where is Vitis Rupestris commonly planted?

A

Missouri

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81
Q

Which two American grape species are commonly planted in Missouri?

A

Vitis Aestivalis and Vitis Rupestris

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82
Q

What are the commonly used hybrids?

A

Catawba
Clinton
Concord
Cunningham
Cynthiana
Delaware
Herbemont
Isabella
Jacques
Noah
Norton
Taylor

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83
Q

Name two commonly used hybrids that are white varieties.

A

Noah and Taylor (Taylor is the parent of Noah)

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84
Q

Catawba

A

Labrusca x ?

Red Variety

Widely grown in Missouri and Arkansas

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85
Q

Clinton

A

Labrusca x Riparia

Red Variety

Some plantings in Europe

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86
Q

Concord

A

Labrusca x Vinifera

Red Variety

Commonly used for sweet wine production in North America in addition to its commercial uses

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87
Q

Cunningham

A

Aestivalis x ?

Red Variety

Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas

Resistant to Pierce’s Disease

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88
Q

Cynthiana

A

Aestivalis x ?

Red Variety

Commonly planted in Missouri and Virginia

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89
Q

Delaware (Hybrid)

A

Vinifera x Aestivalis

Red Variety

Often used for American sparkling wines

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90
Q

Herbemont

A

Aestivalis x ?

Red Variety

Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas

Resistant to Pierce’s disease

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91
Q

Isabella (Hybrid)

A

Labrusca x Vinifera

Red Variety

Commonly planted in tropical climates

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92
Q

Jacquez (Hybrid)

A

Aestivalis x ?

Red Variety

Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas

Resistant to Pierce’s Disease

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93
Q

Noah (Hybrid)

A

Labrusca x Riparia

White Variety

Commonly used for Eau-de-vie production in France

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94
Q

Norton (Hybrid)

A

Aestivalis x ?

Red Variety

Commonly planted in Missouri and Virginia

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95
Q

Taylor (Hybrid)

A

Labrusca x Riparia

White Variety

Commonly used as rootstocks in France

Parent grape of Noah

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96
Q

What are Field Spray Preparations?

A

Biodynamic preparations that are prepared as a team and sprayed on the soil or vine canopy.

Just before application, the teas are dynamited, or stirred vigorously by hand or stick until a vortex forms, alternating direction every 30 to 60 seconds for 1 hour

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97
Q

What are compost preparations?

A

Biodynamic preparations that are used to treat compost 6 months before the compost is applied to the vineyard

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98
Q

What are the 3 Field Spray Biodynamic Preparations?

A

BD Prep 500 - Manure
BD Prep 501 - Silica
BD Prep 508 - Horsetail Plant

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99
Q

What are the 6 Compost Biodynamic Preparations?

A

BD Prep 502 - Yarrow Flowers
BD Prep 503 - Chamomile Flowers
BD Prep 504 - Stinging Nettles
BD Prep 505 - Oak Bark
BD Prep 506 - Dandelion Flowers
BD Prep 507 - Valerian Flowers

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100
Q

What is BD Prep 500?

A

Field Spray Biodynamic Preparation

Manure from a lactating cow placed inside a cow horn and buried during winter

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101
Q

What does BD Prep 500 use?

A

Fertilizer
Stimulates soil microbial life and encourages root growth

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102
Q

How is BD Prep 500 applied?

A

Applied in the spring and fall, preferably within half an hour of sunset, on recently worked soil

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103
Q

What is BD Prep 501

A

Field Spray Biodynamic Preparation

Paste of silica (powdered quartz) and water placed inside a cowhorn and buried during summer

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104
Q

What does BD Prep 501 do?

A

Assists with ripening & pests

Encourages photosynthesis & ripening

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105
Q

When is BD Prep 501 applied?

A

Applied in the late spring or early summer, preferably at sunrise and never on young vines. Must be applied after Prep 500

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106
Q

What is BD Prep 508

A

Field Spray Preparation

Horsetail plant boiled into a tea

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107
Q

What does BD Prep 508 do?

A

Anti-Fungal

Fights fungal infections

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108
Q

How is BD Prep 508 applied?

A

Can be combined with fungicide and sprayed on the vine or fermented first and sprayed on the soil during the waxing moon.

Must be applied after Preps 500 and 501

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109
Q

What is BD Prep 502

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Yarrow Flowers stuffed into deer bladder, dried in the sun, and buried over winter

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110
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 502?

A

Healing Wounds

Aids in the absorption of nutrients from the soil

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111
Q

How is BD Prep 502 applied?

A

Added individually to holes in the compost pile

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112
Q

What is BD Prep 503?

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Chamomile flowers stuffed into a cow intestine, dried in the sun, and buried over winter

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113
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 503?

A

Anti-septic

Stabilizes calcium and nitrogen

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114
Q

How is BD Prep 503 applied?

A

Added individually to holes in the compost pile

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115
Q

What is BD Prep 504?

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Stinging nettles buried for a year

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116
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 504?

A

Cleanser

Helps breakdown materials inside compost

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117
Q

How is BD Prep 504 applied?

A

Added individually to holes in the compost pile

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118
Q

What is BD Prep 505?

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Oak bark stuffed inside the skull of a farm animal and stored somewhere moist for the winter

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119
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 505?

A

Reduces soil acidity

Wards off disease

Prevents excessive plant growth

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120
Q

How is BD Prep 505 applied?

A

Added individually to holes in the compost pile

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121
Q

What is BD Prep 506?

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Dandelion flowers stuffed into the connective tissues of a cow’s stomach, dried in the sun, and buried over the winter

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122
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 506?

A

Aids uptake of silica and potassium

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123
Q

How is BD Prep 506 applied?

A

Added individually to holes in the compost pile

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124
Q

What is BD Prep 507?

A

Compost Biodynamic Preparation

Valerian flowers, pressed into a juice

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125
Q

What is the purpose of BD Prep 507?

A

Heats compost and adds phosphorous

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126
Q

How is BD Prep 507 applied?

A

Prepared as a tea, dynamited and sprayed onto the compost pile

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127
Q

What is the proper order of Field Spray Preparations?

A

500 (Manure), 501 (Silica), 508 (Horseplant)

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128
Q

All of the compost biodynamic preparations are added individually to holes in the compost pile except for which one?

A

BD Prep 507 — it is prepared as a tea, dynamited, and sprayed onto the compost pile

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129
Q

How many nutrients are required by grapevines for essential function?

A

17

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130
Q

What happens if grapevines receive too many nutrients?

A

High vigor/overproduction

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131
Q

What happens if a grapevine receives too few nutrients?

A

Chlorosis

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132
Q

What happens with chlorosis?

A

It occurs when photosynthesis is restricted as a result of too few nutrients in the vine — The leaves will turn yellow and the vine will eventually die.

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133
Q

What is the Winkler Index?

A

Classification of the climate of winemaking regions based on Growing Degree Days (GDD)

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134
Q

What is a degree day according to the Winkler Index?

A

A day over 50F, during the growing season

Northern - April 1st to October 31st

Southern - October 1st to April 30th

For each degree over 50F, the region received one degree day.

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135
Q

What is the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere according to the Winkler Index?

A

April 1st to October 31st

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136
Q

What is the growing season in the Southern Hemisphere according to the Winkler Index?

A

October 1st to April 30th

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137
Q

How is the climate zone calculated for the Winkler Index?

A

For each degree over 50F during the growing season, the region receives one degree day. The number is then added to the sum — giving you the climate zone for the region

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138
Q

What are the climate zones for the Winkler Index?

A

Ia (coolest)
Ib
II
III
IV
V (warmest)

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139
Q

How many degree days does Ia (the coolest climate zone) have during the growing season?

A

1500 to 2000

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140
Q

How does the Winkler Index define the Ia (Coolest) climate zone as far as suitability for grape growing?

A

Only very early-ripening varieties achieve high quality.

Mostly hybrid varieties and some Vitis Vinifera

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141
Q

What places are associated with the Ia (coolest) climate zone for the Winkler Index?

A

Central Otago, New Zealand
Champagne, France
Kent, England
Kremstal, Austria
Leelanau Peninsula, Michigan
Nova Scotia, Canada
Okanagan Valley, Canada
Puget Sound, Washington
Rio Negro, Argentina
Ruwer, Germany
Sussex, England
Tasmania, Australia
Valais, Switzerland

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142
Q

How many degree days are present in the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

2001-2500

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143
Q

What is the suitability for grape growing in the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Only early-ripening varieties achieve high quality

Some hybrid grape varieties, but mostly Vitis Vinifera

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144
Q

What places are associated with the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Adelaide Hills, Australia
Alsace, France
Baden, Germany
Burgundy, France
Central Coast, California
Muscadet, France
Marlborough, New Zealand
Niagara Peninsula, Canada
Rhine Valley, Germany
Ribera del Duero, Spain
Savoie, France
Tokaj, Hungary
Willamette Valley, Oregon
Yarra Valley, Australia

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145
Q

How many degree days are found in the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

2501-3000

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146
Q

What is the suitability for grape growing in the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Early and mid-season table wine varieties will produce good-quality varieties

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147
Q

What places are associated with the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Alto Adige, Italy
Bordeaux, France
Columbia Valley, Washington
Coonawarra, Australia
Curico Valley, Chile
Douro Valley, Portugal
Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand
Piedmont, Italy
Rias Baixas, Spain
Walker Bay, South Africa

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148
Q

How many degree days are found in the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

3501-4000

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149
Q

What is the suitability for grape growing in the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Favorable for high production of standard- to good-quality table wines

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150
Q

What places are associated with the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Barossa Valley, Australia
Clare Valley, Australia
Friuli, Italy
Margaret River, Australia
McLaren Vale, Australia
Mendocino, California
Monticello, Virginia
Northern Rhône, France
Paso Robles, California
Rioja, Spain
Rutherglen, Australia
Sonoma Valley, California
Thracian Valley, Bulgaria
Umbria, Italy

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151
Q

How many degree days are found in the IV climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

3501-4000

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152
Q

What is the suitability of grape growing in the IV climate zone of the Winkler Index?

A

Favorable for high production but acceptable table wine quality at best

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153
Q

What places are associated with the IV climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Alentejo, Portugal
Catalunya, Spain
Corsica, France
Hunter Valley, Australia
Lisbon, Portugal
Languedoc, France
Napa Valley, California
Northern Sonoma, California
Roussillon, France
Southern Rhone, France
Stellenbosch, South Africa
Tuscany, Italy
Veneto, Italy

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154
Q

How many degree days are found in the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

4001-4900

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155
Q

What is the suitability for grape growing in the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Typically only suitable for extremely high production, fair-quality table wine, or table grape varieties destined for early season consumption

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156
Q

What places are associated with the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?

A

Jerez, Spain
Lodi, California
Madeira, Portugal
Puglia, Italy
Patras, Greece
Sardinia, Italy
Sicily, Italy

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157
Q

What are the average growing season temperatures for a place defined as Cool climate?

A

50-59

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158
Q

What regions are associated with a cool climate?

A

Mosel
Alsace
Champagne
Kremstal
Tasmania

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159
Q

What grape varieties are generally considered suitable for a cool climate?

A

Hybrids, Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay

160
Q

What average temperatures are associated with an Intermediate climate?

161
Q

What regions are associated with an intermediate climate?

A

Burgundy
Loire Valley
Rias Baixas
Baden
Tokay
Okanagan
Willamette Valley
Coonawarra
Hawke’s Bay

162
Q

What grape varieties are considered suitable for an Intermediate climate?

A

Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Merlot, Syrah

163
Q

What are the average temperatures associated with a warm climate?

164
Q

What regions are associated with a warm climate?

A

Bordeaux
Northern Rhone
Southern Rhone
Piedmont
Rioja
Columbia Valley (Washington)
Sonoma Valley
Napa Valley
Curicó (Chile)
Margaret River

165
Q

What grape varieties are considered suitable for a warm climate?

A

Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Merlot, Malbec, Viognier, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sangiovese, Grenache, Carignan, Zinfandel, Nebbiolo

166
Q

What average temperatures are associated with a hot climate?

167
Q

What regions are associated with a hot climate?

A

Corsica
Sicily
Tuscany
Jerez
Douro
Madeira
Peloponnese
Mendoza
Barossa
Stellenbosch
Hunter Valley

168
Q

What grape varieties are considered suitable for a hot climate?

A

Sangiovese, Grenache, Carignan, Zinfandel, Muscat, Verdelho, Fiano, Palomino, Nero d’Avola, Table Grapes

169
Q

What wind affects the Great Southern region?

What type of wind is it?

A

Albany Doctor

Cool

170
Q

What wind affects the Southern France

What type of wind is it?

A

Autan

Warm and Dry

171
Q

What winds affect South Africa?

A

Benguela Current - Cool
Berg - Hot and Dry
Cape Doctor - Dry

172
Q

What wind affects Switzerland?

What type of wind is it?

173
Q

What wind affects NE Italy, Croatia, and Slovenia?

What type of wind is it?

A

Bora

Cold and Dry

174
Q

What wind affects Southeastern Australia?

What type of wind is it?

A

Brickfielder

Hot and Dry

175
Q

What wind affects the Canary Islands?

What type of wind is it?

A

Calima

Hot

176
Q

What wind affects Canterbury?

What type of wind is it?

A

Canterbury Northwester

Warm and Dry

177
Q

What winds affect Priorat?

What type of wind is it?

A

Cerç - Cool and Dry

Garbinada - Cool and Humid

178
Q

What winds affect Languedoc?

What type of wind is it?

A

Cers - Dry

Marin - Hot and Humid

Tramontane - Cool and Dry

179
Q

What wind affects British Columbia?

What type of wind is it?

A

Chinook

Warm and Wet

180
Q

What wind affects Rioja?

What type of wind is it?

A

Cierzo

Dry

181
Q

What are the Coastal Pacific Winds?

Which regions do they impact?

A

Chalk Hill Gap - Napa and Sonoma
Petaluma Gap - Napa and Sonoma
Salinas River Valley - Santa Lucia Highlands
Templeton Gap - Paso Robles
Van Duzer Corridor - Willamette Valley

182
Q

What wind affects Northern California?

What type of wind is it?

A

Delta Breezes

Cool

183
Q

What wind affects Contra Costa?

What type of wind is it?

A

Diablo

Hot and Dry

184
Q

What wind affects Austria and Germany?

What type of wind is it?

A

Foehn

Warm and Dry

185
Q

What wind affects Western Australia?

What type of wind is it?

A

Fremantle Doctor

Cool

186
Q

What winds affect Corsica?

What types of wind are they?

A

Garigliano - Cool and Dry

Libeccio - Dry

187
Q

What wind affects Sicily?

What type of wind is it?

A

Grecale

Cool

188
Q

What wind affects Bordeaux?

What type of wind is it?

A

Gulf Stream

Humid

189
Q

What winds affect Chile?

What types of wind are they?

A

Humboldt Current - Cool

Puelche - Warm and Dry

190
Q

What wind affects Bulgaria?

What type of wind is it?

A

Karajol

Dry

191
Q

What winds affect Sherry?

What types of wind are they?

A

Lavante - Hot and Dry
Poniente - Cool and Humid

192
Q

What wind affects the French-Italian Riviera?

What type of wind is it?

A

Lombarde

Dry

193
Q

What wine affects the Aegean Islands?

What type of wind is it?

A

Meltemi

Dry

194
Q

What wind affects Rhône Valley?

What type of wind is it?

A

Mistral

Cold and Dry

195
Q

What wind affects Brazil and Uruguay?

What type of wind is it?

A

Pampero

Cold and Dry

196
Q

What wind affects New Zealand?

What type of wind is it?

A

Roaring 40s (Raukawa)

Strong

197
Q

What wind affects Baja and Northern California?

What type of wind is it?

A

Santa Ana

Hot and Dry

198
Q

What wind affects the Mediterranean?

What type of wind is it?

A

Sirocco (Scirocco)

Hot and Humid

199
Q

What wind affects Israel?

What type of wind is it?

A

Sharav

Hot and Humid

200
Q

What wind affects New South Wales?

What type of wind is it?

A

Sharav

Hot and Humid

201
Q

What wind affects New South Wales?

What type of wind is it?

A

Southerly Buster

Cool

202
Q

What winds affect Argentina?

What types of wind are they?

A

Sudestada - Cool

Zonda - Hot and Dry

203
Q

What wind affects Santa Barbara?

What type of wind is it?

A

Sundowner

Hot and Dry

204
Q

What wind affects Macedonia and Northern Greece?

What type of wind is it?

A

Vardar

Cold

205
Q

What are the options for disease and pest management in the vineyard?

A

Synthetic chemicals (non-degradable)

Natural applications

Sexual confusion

Vine uprooting

206
Q

Examples of synthetic chemicals that can be used for disease and pest management

A

Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides

207
Q

What is important in regards to synthetic chemical use in the vineyard?

A

Spraying must cease at least 2 weeks prior to harvest to ensure there are no harmful chemical residues in the wine

208
Q

Examples of natural applications of disease and pest management

A

Diatomaceous Earth, Herbal solutions, natural oils, organic manure, recycled pomace

209
Q

Examples of sexual confusion options for disease and pest management

A

Pheromone capsules, mating disruption dispensers, diffusers, solution pads

210
Q

What are the 6 Fungal Diseases that affect vines?

A

Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)
Esca (Black Measles)
Bunch Rot (Grey Rot)
Black Rot

211
Q

What are the 2 Viral diseases that affect vines?

A

Leafroll Virus
Fanleaf Degeneration

212
Q

What are the 3 Bacterial Diseases that affect vines?

A

Pierce’s Disease
Crown Gall (Black Knot)
Bacterial Blight

213
Q

What Phytoplasmic Disease affects vines?

A

Flavescense Dorée

214
Q

What are the 3 Pests that affect vines?

A

Phylloxera vastatrix (Daktulsphaira vitfoliae)
European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana)
Glass Winged Sharp Shooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)

215
Q

Powder Mildew (Oidium)

A

Fungal Disease native to North America that affects the green parts of the vine and berries.

It presents as a dusty white film, and is controlled by sulphuric sprays.

216
Q

Downy Mildew (Peronospora)

A

Fungal disease native to North America that affects the green parts of the vines and causes leaves to fall off, limiting photosynthesis.

Presents as a fuzzy white growth on the underside of leaves.

Controlled by the Bordeaux mixture.

217
Q

Bordeaux mixture

A

Developed in 1855.

It is a blue colored, copper sulfate, water, and lime mixture used to control Down Mildew

218
Q

Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)

A

Common in Mediterranean climates, it is a fungal toxic trunk disease that reduces vine yields.

Does not affect quality of the fruit.

No cure

219
Q

Esca (Black Measles)

A

Fungal disease that rots the vine from within the drunk.

Spread by wine, rain, or dirty tools.

No cure

220
Q

Bunch rot (Grey Rot)

A

Fungal disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in wet and humid conditions.

Reduces yields and rots berries.

Controlled by fungicides.

221
Q

Black Rot

A

Native to North America.

Caused by Guignardia bidwellii in hot and humid conditions.

Fungal disease that affects all green parts of the vine and berries. Presents as black spots.

Controlled by fungicides.

222
Q

Leafroll Virus

A

Viral disease spread by mealy bugs or dirty tools.

Causes leaves to turn red/gold and curl downwards limiting photosynthesis.

There is no cure.

223
Q

What is important to note about viral diseases on vines?

A

They rarely kill vines. Rather they delay ripening, reduce yields, and reduce quality

224
Q

Fanleaf degeneration

A

Viral disease spread by nematodes.

Limits shoot growth, causes pure fruit set, and deforms leaves with yellow bands around the veins, limiting photosynthesis.

Controlled by propagation selection and vine removal

225
Q

Pierce’s Disease

A

Bacterial disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa

Prohibits vine vessels from producing chlorophyll and kills the vine typically within 5 years

No cure

226
Q

Crown Gallery (Black Knot)

A

Bacterial disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Tumors develop on the vine trunk that slowly strangle the vine

227
Q

Bacterial Blight

A

Bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris

Yellow-brown spots form on the grape leaves and shoots limiting photosynthesis

228
Q

Flavescense Dorée

A

Phytoplasmic disease spread by a leafhopper insect (Scaphoius titanus) or by dirty tools.

Causes grape leaves to crack and turn yellow.

Young vines may not be strong enough to survive. Old vines lose productivity.

Commonly controlled by insecticides.

First appeared in Armagnac in 1949

229
Q

First appearance of Flavescense Dorée

A

Armagnac in 1949

230
Q

Phylloxera vitfoliae

A

Pest that originated in North America

A parthenogenetic aphid that feeds on the roots of the vines as well as lays eggs on the vine and upon hatching can feed on the leaves of the vines

Creates galls on the roots, disrupts photosynthesis, and increases risk of fungal infections

Common cure is to graft onto American rootstock

231
Q

How does grafting on American rootstock cure Phylloxera?

A

American rootstock has stickier sap which clogs the mouth of the aphid as well as forms a protective layer over the wound to protect from infections

232
Q

European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana)

A

Pest (moth) that lays eggs on grapevines.

Larvae feed on flowers — reducing yields

Common cure is sexual confusion

233
Q

Glassy Winged Sharp Shooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)

A

Pest that spreads Pierce’s Disease

234
Q

When was Phylloxera first discovered? Where?

A

1850s — Eastern US

235
Q

Where in Europe was the first place to experience Phylloxera? When?

A

1863 - Southern England

236
Q

When was Rhône Valley affected by Phylloxera?

237
Q

When was Austria affected by Phylloxera?

238
Q

When was Bordeaux affected by Phylloxera?

239
Q

What is another name for Provignage (En Foule)

A

Macottage or Layering

240
Q

Marcottage/Layering

A

Method of propagating vines by burying one can to make another vine

241
Q

What is essential for a vine?

A

Carbon dioxide, heat, water, sunlight, and nutrients to survive

Another important factor for vine health is diurnal shifts

Moderation is key

242
Q

How do vines acquire CO2?

A

From the atmosphere, and through photosynthesis, producing oxygen

243
Q

What are the dangerous temperatures for vines? What happens at each one?

A

Below -4 - vines can get frostbite or die

Below 50 - vines become dormant

Above 95 - photosynthetic activity declines

Above 104 - photosynthetic shock

(All are Farenheit)

244
Q

What cannot occur in a vine without sunlight or water?

A

Photosynthesis or flowering

245
Q

How do vines acquire sunlight?

A

Directly from the sun or reflected by bodies of water

246
Q

What increases with the amount of sunlight vines are exposed to?

A

Glucose production

247
Q

What is used to moderate the amount of sunlight a vine receives?

A

Canopy management and vine training

248
Q

What happens if vines receive too much water?

A

Encourages over production

249
Q

What happens if a vine receives too little water?

A

Causes vines to wilt and die

250
Q

Dry Farming

A

Viticultural practice where a vintner does not apply any water to the vineyard

251
Q

What are the 4 most common methods of irrigation?

A

Partial Root-Zone Drying (PRD)
Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI)
Furrow Irrigation
Flood Irrigation

252
Q

What is Partial Root-zone drying (PRD)? Where was it developed?

A

Method of irrigation that only waters one side of the vine at a time

Australia

253
Q

How does Partial Root-zone Drying (PRD) Irrigation affect the vine?

A

Water stress creates signals within the vine to adapt, conserve water, and extends photosynthetic activity

Reduces canopy growth and vigor, increases quality, aromatics, and flavors

254
Q

What is Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI)?

A

Method of irrigation that regulates, or restricts, the application of water to the vine

255
Q

When is Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI) done? Why?

A

Typically irrigation does not occur after flowering to stress the vine, limit crop production and improve fruit quality.

Irrigation often resumes after harvest to ensure the vine’s successful storage of carbohydrates, nutrients, and water during dormancy

256
Q

What is another name for Furrow Irrigation?

A

Trench Irrigation

257
Q

What is Furrow Irrigation/Trench Irrigation?

A

Method of irrigation commonly used in extremely dry climates. Trenches are dug around the vine rows and filled with water, typically once or twice per year, to replicate a rain season, and allow the vine’s roots to absorb and store water.

Quality wine regions typically employ dry farming for the remainder of the vintage

258
Q

Is Trench or Furrow Irrigation typically utilized year round?

A

No, Furrow Irrigation typically occurs once or twice per year to replicate a rain season. Quality wine regions practice dry farming the remainder of the vintage

259
Q

What is Flood Irrigation?

A

Method of irrigation commonly used in volume driven areas where a body of water is diverted to run through a vineyard to help increase water absorption to the roots and overall increasing vigor and yields

260
Q

Micronutrients needed for healthy vine growth

A

Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Sodium, and Zinc

261
Q

Macronutrients needed for healthy vine growth

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Silicon, and Sulfur

262
Q

Diurnal Shifts

A

Temperature fluctuations from day to night. Optimal conditions are warm days to aide in ripening and cool nights in order to retain acid and flavors.

263
Q

What moderates diurnal shifts?

A

Bodies of water

264
Q

What decreases as altitude increases?

A

Temperatures

265
Q

Which way should vineyards face to receive the most amount of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere?

266
Q

Which way should vineyards face to receive the most amount of sun exposure in the Southern Hemisphere?

267
Q

How does Fog affect vineyards?

A

Helps to cool vineyard areas

268
Q

What happens in regards to climate the further a vineyard is from the equator?

A

Further from the equator, the more sun exposure and the longer the growing day

269
Q

How do soils affect climate?

A

Dark and stony soils absorb and radiate heat back up to the vine

Wet soils, such as clay, take longer to absorb heat, which can delay vine growth

270
Q

How does water affect climate?

A

Moderate diurnal shifts and reflects sunlight

271
Q

Continental climate

A

Greatest difference in temperature between winter and summer, with the most seasonality

Small bodies of water may influence the region

272
Q

Maritime climate

A

Cool to moderate temperatures with little temperature variation between winter and summer, with consistent annual rainfall

Large amounts of water influence the region

273
Q

Mediterranean climate

A

Cool to moderate temperatures with little temperature variation between winter and summer, with dry summers, and low annual rainfall.

274
Q

How much of the world has a Mediterranean climate?

275
Q

How long before vines are capable of grape production?

276
Q

How long before a grapevine is considered mature?

277
Q

Regional labelings for old vines

A

France - Vielles vignes
Germany - Alta Reben
Italy - Vecchie vignette
Spain - Viñas viejas
Catalunya - Vinyas vellas
Portugal - Vinhas velhas

278
Q

Life cycle of the vine stages

A

March to February

Bud Break followed by shoot and leaf growth, flowering, fruit set, véraison, harvest, winter dormancy, and winter pruning.

279
Q

When did the grafting of French vines on American rootstock begin?

280
Q

When was Burgundy/Argentina affected by Phylloxera?

281
Q

When was Champagne affected by Phylloxera?

282
Q

When was Napa Valley affected by Phylloxera?

283
Q

When did the replanting of Napa Sonoma occur (due to Phylloxera)?

284
Q

When was the National Phylloxera Management Protocol established?

285
Q

What region was affected by Phylloxera in 2019?

A

Walla Walla Valley

286
Q

Where is Albariza soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Southern Spain

White-surfaced soil formed by diatomaceous deposits

(Alberto is synonymous)

287
Q

Where is Albarese soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Chianti

Compact clay and limestone

288
Q

Where is Albian soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Maury, Roussillon

Type of schist

289
Q

Where is Arène soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Beaujolais

Coarse, granitic sand ideally suited to Gamay

290
Q

Where is Argovian Marl soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Côte des Beaune

Chalky, clay-like marl

291
Q

Where is Arkose soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Côtes d’Auvergne
Parts of Beaujolais (eg. St. Amour)

Red, Triassic sandstone consisting of feldspar, quartz, and clay minerals

292
Q

Where is Aubuis soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Touraine - Loire Valley

Stony mix of permeable, fertile, calcareous clays that are said to be well suited to white grape varieties

Highly rated for Chenin Blanc in Vouvray and Montlouis

293
Q

Where is Barro soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Tierra de Barros, Spain

Similar soil to Albariza, but brown in color, sandier, and with less diatomaceous content

While Palomino grapes are grown on Albariza soil, Barro is reserved for Pedro Ximénez

294
Q

Soil reserved for Pedro Ximénez?

295
Q

Where is Bauxite soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Coteaux de Baux-de Provence

As well as being a valuable ore mined for aluminum production, bauxite is found in limestone soils of Coteaux de Baux-de-Provence

296
Q

Where is Boulbènes soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux

Borderlais name for a very fine siliceous soil that is easily compressed and hard to work. This “beaten” earth covers part of the Entre-Deux-Mers plateau in Bordeaux

297
Q

Where is Crasse de fer soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Libournais area of France

Iron-rich, hard-pan also known as machefer

298
Q

Where is Entroques soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Burgundy (ex. Montagny)

Type of hard limestone found in Burgundy

299
Q

Where is Gabbro soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Muscadet

Dark, coarse-grained igneous rock

300
Q

Where is Galestro soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Tuscany

Rocky, schistous clay soil commonly found in most of Tuscany’s best vineyards

301
Q

Where is Gore soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Beaujolais, St. Joseph, Côtes Roannaise

Pinkish, decomposed granitic arenaceous soil

302
Q

Where is Greensand soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Southeast England

Dark, greenish colored, glauconite-rich sand of Cretaceous origin found in some vineyards in southeast England.

Greensand is often used as a water softener, which is ironic considering that it is found over chalk subsoil, known for its hard water

303
Q

Where is Greywacke soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Germany
South Africa
New Zealand*

Argillaceous rocks that have been formed as recently as a few thousand years ago by rivers depositing mudstone, quartz, and feldspar

304
Q

Where is Iron-pan soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Bordeaux

Sandy, iron-rich hard-pan found in parts of Bordeaux

305
Q

Where is Jory soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Willamette Valley

Volcanic soil, primarily basalt, which is in turn a hard and dense soil that often has a glassy appearance.

One of the two primary soil types found in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, particularly on the lower foothills, such as the Dundee Hills where Pinot Noir excels.

306
Q

Where is Kimmeridgian soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Parts of France
England

A grayish-colored limestone originally identified in, and so named after, the village of Kimmeridge in Dorset, England.

A sticky, calcareous clay containing this limestone is often called Kimmeridgian clay

307
Q

Where is Lignite soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Germany
Champagne

The “brown coal” of Germany and the “black gold” of Champagne, this is a brown carbonaceous material intermediate between coal and peat.

Warm and very fertile, it is mined and used as a natural fertilizer in Champagne.

308
Q

Where is Llicorella soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Priorat, Spain

Catalan name for a black slate and quartz soil found in Priorat, Spain

309
Q

Where is Macigno soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Chianti

Hard grey-blue sandstone found in Chianti

310
Q

Where is Pelite soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Banyuls

Fine-grained clayey-quartz sedimentary rock found in Banyuls in the Roussillon region of France

311
Q

Where is Peperite soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Madeira
Idaho’s Snake River Valley

Limestone or marly rock that has been ejected by volcanic activity and is literally “peppered” with tiny peppercorn-like grains of basalt

312
Q

Where is Phtanite soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Savennières
Coteaux du Layon

Dark-colored sedimentary rock bearing stratas of quartz crystals

313
Q

Where is Ruedas soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Mantilla-Moriles, Spain

Red sandy-limestone soil

314
Q

Where is Ruffe soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Languedoc, particularly in the VIn de Pays des Coteaux de Salagou

315
Q

Where is Safres soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Southern Rhône Valley

Sandy-marl

316
Q

Where is Saibro soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Madeira

Decomposed red tufa soil that is highly regarded in Madeira

317
Q

Where is Silex soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Pouilly-Fumé in the Loire Valley

A hard, flint, clay and limestone rock famously promoted by Didier Dagueneau and others

318
Q

Where is Steige soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Alsace

Type of schist found on the north side of Andlau in Alsace, it has metamorphosed with the Andlau granite and is particularly hard and slaty

It has mixed with the granitic sand from the top of the Grand Cru Kastelberg and makes a dark, stony soil

319
Q

Where is Terres Blanche soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Sancerre

Steep Kimmeridgian marls

320
Q

Where is Tufa soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Orvieto, Umbria
Montalcino, Tuscany
Langhe, Piedmont

Limestone concretion that forms via water dripping through gaps in limestone

321
Q

Where is Tuff soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Taburno, Campania
Balatonfüred-Csopak, Balatonfelvidék, and Balatonboglár around Lake Balaton in Hungary
Galilee, Israel (particularly Upper Galilee and the Golan Heights)

Rocks formed by fractured or water-bound material ejected by volcanic activity, tuff drains well

322
Q

Where is Tuffeau soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Loire (particularly Touraine)

Buff-colored, sandstone-rich, otherwise chalky limestone as found in the Loire, particularly Touraine, and used in the construction of many of its châteaux

323
Q

Where is Willakenzie soil found? What are its characteristics?

A

Willamette Valley

Silty, clay-loam colluvium, this is one of the two primary soil types found in Oregon’s Willamette Valley

324
Q

Acid Soil

A

Any soil that has a pH of less than 7 (neutral).

Typically acidic soils that are acidic due to their parent rock include brown or reddish-brown, sandy loams or sands, volcanic soils, and any igneous or silicate-rich soil

325
Q

How do neutral soils become acidic?

A

Too much humus or acid rain

326
Q

Chemical makeup of acid soils

A

Low in calcium and magnesium with negligible amounts of soluble salts and reduced phosphorous availability

327
Q

Aeolian Soil

A

Sediments deposited by wind

328
Q

Alkaline Soil

A

Any soil that has a pH of more than 7 (neutral).

Typically alkaline soils include chalk and any calcareous soils

329
Q

Alluvial Deposits

A

Alluvium (n)

Material that has been transported by river and deposited

Most alluvial soils contain silt, sand, and gravel and are highly fertile

330
Q

Aqueous Rocks

A

One of the three basic rock forms. Also called sedimentary or stratified.

331
Q

Arenaceous Rocks

A

Formed by the deposits of coarse-grained particles, usually siliceous, and often decomposed from older rocks (eg. sandstone)

332
Q

Argillaceous Soils

A

This term covers a. Ground of sedimentary soils, commonly clays, shales, mudstones, siltstones, and marls

333
Q

Basalt material

A

This accounts for as much as 90% of all lava-based volcanic rocks.

It contains various minerals, is rich in lime and soda, but not quartz, the most abundant of all minerals, and is poor in potash

334
Q

Bastard Soil

A

A borderlais name for medium-heavy sandy-clay or variable fertility

335
Q

Calcareous Clay

A

An argillaceous soil with carbonate of lime content that neutralizes the clay’s intrinsic acidity. It’s low temperature also delays ripening, so wines produced on this type of soil tend to be more acidic

336
Q

Calcareous Soil

A

This label is for any soil, or mixture of soils, with an accumulation of calcium and magnesium carbonate.

Essentially alkaline, it promotes the production of acidity in grapes, although the pH of each soil will vary according to its level of “active” lime.

Calcareous soils are cool, with good water retention.

With the exception of calcareous clays, they allow the vine’s root system to penetrate deeply and provide excellent drainage

337
Q

Carbonaceous Soil

A

Soil that is derived from rotting vegetation under anaerobic conditions.

The most common carbonaceous soils are peat, lignite, coal, and anthracite.

338
Q

Chalk

A

A type of limestone, chalk is a soft, cool, porous, brilliant-white, sedimentary, alkaline rock that encourages grapes with a relatively high acidity level.

It also allows the vine’s routes to penetrate and provides excellent drainage, while at the same time retaining sufficient moisture for nourishment.

339
Q

Clayey-loam

A

A very fertile version of loam, but heavy to work under wet conditions, with a tendency to become water-logged

340
Q

Coal

A

Rarely seen as a vineyard soil, except for Chardonnay vines grown on one of the slag heaps at Hallicourt, near Béthune, in Pas-de-Calais

341
Q

Colluvial deposits

A

Colluvium (n)

Weathered material transported by gravity or hill-wash

Synonymous with Scree

342
Q

Crystalline

A

May either be igneous (eg Granite) or metamorphic

343
Q

Dolomite (soil term)

A

Calcium-magnesium carbonate rock

Many limestones contain dolomite

344
Q

Feldspar (or Felspar)

A

One of the most common minerals, feldspar is a white- or rose-colored silicate of either potassium-aluminum or sodium-calcium-aluminum and is present in a number of rocks, including granite and balsalt

345
Q

Ferruginous clay

A

Iron-rich clay

346
Q

Flint (soil)

A

A siliceous stone that stores and reflect heat and is associated with a certain “gun-flint” smell that sometimes occurs in wines

347
Q

Glacial moraine

A

Gritty scree that has been deposited by glacial action

348
Q

Gneiss

A

Course-grained form of granite

349
Q

Granite (soil term)

A

Hard, mineral-rich rock that warms quickly and retains its heat.

Granite contains 40 to 60 percent potassium feldspar, plus mica or hornblende, and various other minerals

It has a high pH that reduces wine acidity.

350
Q

Why is Granite the best soil for Gamay?

A

It has a high pH that reduces wine acidity. (Gamay being an acidic grape)

351
Q

Gypsum (soil)

A

Highly absorbent, hydrated calcium-sulphate that was formed during the evaporation of sea-water

352
Q

Gypsiferous marl

A

A marly soil permeated with Keuper or Muschelkalk, gypsum fragments, which improve the soil’s heat-retention and water-circulation properties

353
Q

Hard-pan (soil)

A

A dense layer of clay that forms if the subsoil is more clayey than the topsoil at certain depths.

Hard-pans are impermeable to both water and roots, so they are not desirable too close to the surface but may provide an easily reachable water-table if located deep down.

354
Q

Hornblende (soil)

A

A silicate of iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium, it constitutes the main mineral found in basalt and is a major component of granite and gneiss

355
Q

Humus (soil)

A

Organic material that contains bacteria and other micro-organisms that are capable of converting complex chemicals into simple plant foods.

Humus makes soil fertile, without it, soil is nothing more than finely ground rock

356
Q

Igneous rock

A

One of the three basic rock forms, igneous rocks are formed from molten or partially molten material. Most igneous rocks are crystalline

357
Q

Keuper (soil)

A

Term often used when discussing wines in Alsace, Keuper is a stratigraphic name for the Upper Triassic period and can mean marl or limestone

358
Q

Lacustrine limestone

A

Freshwater limestone that forms at the bottom of lakes.

Lacustrine-limestone soils have been found on Pelee Island and the Niagara district of Ontario, Yakima Valley in Washington, and Quincy in the Loire Valley

359
Q

Limestone (soil)

A

Any sedimentary rock consisting essentially of carbonates.

With the exception of chalk, few limestones are white; instead grey- and buff-colored are probably the most common hues found limestones in wine areas.

The hardness and water retention of this rock vary, but being alkaline limestone generally encourages the production of grapes with a relatively high acidity level.

360
Q

Loam (soil)

A

A warm, soft crumbly soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand, and silt.

It is perfect for large-cropping mediocre-quality wines but too fertile for fine wines

361
Q

Loess (soil)

A

An accumulation of wind-born, mainly silty material, that is sometimes calcareous but usually weathered and decalcified.

Loess warms up relatively quickly and also has good water retention properties

362
Q

Marl (soil)

A

A cold, calcareous clay-like soil (usually 50% clay content) that delays ripening and adds acidity to wine

363
Q

Marlstone

A

Clayey limestone that has a similar effect to marl

364
Q

Metamorphic rock (soil)

A

One of the three basic categories of rock, this type is caused by great heat or pressure, often both

365
Q

Mica (Soil)

A

Generic name encompassing various silicate minerals, usually in a fine, decomposed-rock format

366
Q

Millstone (soil)

A

Siliceous, iron-rich sedimentary rock

367
Q

Mudstone (soil)

A

Sedimentary soil similar to clay but without its plastic characteristics

368
Q

Muschelkalk (soil)

A

Often used when discussing wines in Alsace, Muschelkalk is a stratigraphic name for the Middle Triassic period, and can mean anything from sandstone to marl, dolomite, and shingle

369
Q

Oolite (soil)

A

Type of limestone

370
Q

Oolith (soil)

A

Term used for small, round calcareous pebbles that have grown through fusion of very tiny particle

371
Q

Palus (soil)

A

Borderlais name for a very fertile soil of modern alluvial origin that produces medium-quality, well-colored, robust wines

372
Q

Particle size (Soil)

A

The size of a rock determines its descriptive name.

No handfuls of soil will contain particles of a uniform size, unless it has been commercially graded, of course, so all descriptions can only be guesstimates

373
Q

Perlite (soil)

A

Fine, powdery, light, and lustrous substance of volcanic origin with similar properties to diatomaceous earth

374
Q

Perruches (soil)

A

Very stony, flinty clays combined with silica, perruches soils warm up quickly and are said to be why Sauvignon Blanc grapes grown on them have a flinty taste

375
Q

Precipitates salts (soil)

A

Sedimentary deposit

Water charged with acid or alkaline material, under pressure of great depth, dissolves various mineral substances from rocks on the sea-bed, which are then held in solution.

When the water flows to a place of no great depth or is drained away or evaporates, the pressure is reduced, the minerals are no longer held in solution and precipitate in deposits that may be just a few centimeters or several thousand meters deep

376
Q

Five groups of Precipitates salts

A

Oxides
Carbonates
Sulphate
Phosphates
Chlorides

377
Q

Prism-like soil

A

Referring to the soil structure, “prism-like” indicates a columnar or vertical arrangement of soil particles

378
Q

Pudding stones (soil)

A

Term used for a large, heat-retaining conglomerate of pebbles

379
Q

Quartz (soil)

A

Most common and abundant mineral, quartz is a crystalline form of silica.

It is found in various sizes and in almost all soils, although sand and coarse silt contain the largest amount.

Quartz has a high pH which reduces wine acidity, but quartz that is pebble-sized or larger, stores and reflects heat, which increases alcohol potential

380
Q

Rock (soil)

A

Rock may be loosely described as a mass of mineral matter.

There are three basic types of rock: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary (or aqueous or stratified)

381
Q

Sand (soil)

A

Tiny particles of weathered rocks and minerals that retain little water but constitute a warm, airy soil that drains well and is supposedly phylloxera-free

382
Q

Sandstone (soil)

A

Sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized particles that have either been formed by pressure or bound by various iron minerals

383
Q

Sandy-loam (soil)

A

Warm, well-drained, sand-dominated loam that is easy to work and suitable for early-cropping grape varieties

384
Q

Schist (soil)

A

Heat-retaining, coarse-grain, laminated, crystalline rock that is rich in potassium and magnesium but poor in nitrogen and organic substances

385
Q

Sedimentary Rock (soil)

A

One of the three basic rock forms, it includes arenaceous (eg. Sandstone), argillaceous (eg. Clay), calcareous (eg. Limestone), carbonaceous (eg. Peat, lignite, or coal), and siliceous (eg. Quartz) and the 5 Groups of precipitated salts.

Sedimentary rock is also called aqueous or stratified

386
Q

Shale (soil)

A

Heat-retaining, fine-grain, laminated, moderately fertile sedimentary rock. Shale can turn into slate under pressure

387
Q

Shingle (Soil)

A

Pebble- or gravel-sized particle rounded by water-action

388
Q

Siliceous Soil

A

Generic term for acid rock of a crystalline nature.

It may be organic (such as flint) or inorganic (quartz) and have good heat retention, but no water retention unless found in a finely ground form in silt, clay, and other sedimentary soils.

Half of the Bordeaux region is covered with siliceous soils

389
Q

Silt (soil)

A

Very fine deposit, with good water retention.

Silt is more fertile than sand but is cold and offers poor drainage

390
Q

Slate (soil)

A

Hard, often dark grey (but can be any color between brown and bluish grey), fine-grain, plate-like rock formed under pressure from clay, siltstone, shale, and other sediments. It warms up quickly, retains its heat well, and is responsible for many fine wines, most notably from the Mosel

391
Q

Slaty-schist (soil)

A

Sort of half-formed slate created under lower temperature and pressure than fully formed slate

392
Q

Spiroidal soil

A

Referring to the soil structure, “spiroidal” indicates a granular or crumb-like composition of soil particles

393
Q

Stone (soil)

A

This word should be used with rock types, such as limestone and sandstone, but is often used synonymously with pebble

394
Q

Stratified Rock

A

One of the three basic rock forms, also called sedimentary or aqueous

395
Q

Terra Rossa (soil)

A

Red, clay-like sometimes flinty sedimentary soil that is deposited after carbonate has been leached out of limestone.

It is often known as “red earth”

396
Q

Volcanic soils

A

Derived from two sources, volcanic soils are lava-based (the products of volcanic flow) and vent-based (material blown into the atmosphere). Some 90 percent of lava-based rocks and soils are comprised of basalt, while others include andesite, pitch stone rhyolite, and tracheae.

Vent-based matter has either been ejected as molten globules, cooled in the air, and dropped to earth as solid particles (pumice), or as solid material and fractured through the explosive force with which it was flung (tuff).

Advanced Sommelier (56 decks)

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