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Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Most Common Grape Species

A

Vitis Aestivalis
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Rotundifolia
Vitis Rupestris
Vitis Vinifera

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2
Q

Bench grafting

A

Joining together a desired variety with a rootstock variety by machine in a warm environment, such as a greenhouse or nursery

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3
Q

Why is warmth essential for bench grafting?

A

Encourages the vines to fuse together

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4
Q

What kind of vines are used for bench grafting?

A

Young Vines

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5
Q

Berry Set

A

Just after flowering, each fertilized flower becomes a berry

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6
Q

French term for Budburst/Budbreak

A

Débourrement

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7
Q

Budburst/Budbreak

A

The first new green tissue emerges from each bud

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8
Q

Budswell

A

Buds become larger, indicating the onset of Budburst/budbreak

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9
Q

Clone

A

Offspring that is genetically identical to its parent

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10
Q

How are clones obtained?

A

Through vegetative propagation from cuttings

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11
Q

How are vines for clones selected?

A

Based on desired attribute such as cold tolerance, final wine characteristics, resistance to disease, vigor, yields, and more.

Mutations can occur as the vine matures

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12
Q

Crossing

A

Offspring created by breeding two different grape varieties

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13
Q

Dry Farming

A

When a vintner decides not to apply any water to the vineyard

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14
Q

Field grafting

A

Takes place in the vineyards with mature vines. If a vintner decides to change the grape variety between seasons, the existing vine is cut back to the trunk and a bud, or cutting, of the desired variety is grafted onto the trunk

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15
Q

How long does it take a newly planted vine to bear mature fruit?

A

3 years

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16
Q

What is the advantage of field grafting?

A

Less expensive

Following vintage will produce the newly grafted grape variety (vs 3 years for newly planted)

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17
Q

Another name for Field Grafting

A

Head Grafting

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18
Q

French term for Flowering/Anthesis

A

Floraison

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19
Q

Flowering/Anthesis

A

Pollen is released and fertilization occurs.

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20
Q

Are insects required for wine grapevines to pollinate?

A

No, wine grapevines self-pollinate

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21
Q

Graft Union

A

Scar tissue where the rootstock and scion were grafted

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22
Q

Why is grafting a common practice?

A

Due to the poor immune system of vines

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23
Q

Grafting

A

Process where the scion of one vine is connected to the rootstock of another vine and secured until the vine heals the wound and the two grow as one

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24
Q

Two common methods of grafting

A

Bench grafting
Field grafting (head grafting)

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25
Green drop/Harvest
Crop-thinning pass made just after veraison to remove less ripe, green clusters
26
When is green drop/harvest done?
Just after veraison
27
French term for hens and chicks
Millerandage
28
Millerandage
Grape clusters with berries that vary in size and number of seeds.
29
What causes Millerandage?
Cold weather at flowering, mineral deficiency, or disease
30
What is the result of Millerandage?
Reduced yields and uneven ripening
31
French term for Hybrid
Hybride
32
Hybrid
Offspring created by breeding two different grape species. Created via cross-pollination of the two parents
33
How are hybrids created?
By cross-pollinating the two different grape species parents
34
What is the difference between a crossing and a hybrid?
Hybrids are created via two different grape species Crossings are created via two different grape varieties
35
Inflorescence
Cluster of flowers that, after berry set, becomes a grape cluster
36
French term for leafing
Effeuillage
37
Leafing
Process where leaves are removed from the canopy to reduce disease pressure or increase the amount of sunlight on the fruit
38
Why is leafing done?
To reduce disease pressure or increase the amount of sunlight on the fruit
39
French term for Marcottage or Layering
Provignage (“en foule”)
40
What is Marcottage/Layering?
Method of propagating vines by burying one cane to make another vine
41
French term for Pruning
Taille
42
Pruning
Process where excess wood is removed from the dormant vine, strategically leaving only buds that will produce shoots this year
43
French term for rootstock
Porte-greffe
44
Rootstock
Portion of the vine in contact with the soil. Rootstocks are typically phylloxera resistant
45
French term for Mass Selection
Selection Massale
46
Mass Selection
Selected budwood from multiple vines are planted in one vineyard
47
How is the budwood selected for Mass Selection/Selection Massale?
Based on desired attributes in order to promote growth in the vineyard, serve as an insurance plan, and often to increase complexity in the final wine
48
Scion
Portion of the vine above ground (To combat phylloxera, grapevines are comprised of two vines that have been grafted together)
49
Typically, what species is the scion?
Vitis Vinifera
50
Shot berries
Small, hard green berries that contain no seeds
51
Suckering
Process of removing small, unwanted shoots that grow from latent buds on the trunk and cordon
52
Topping
Hedging the top of the vine to prevent it from growing taller
53
French term for Uneven set
Coulure
54
Coulure
Uneven set, occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering
55
What causes Coulure?
Cold weather during flowering or a mineral deficiency
56
What is the result of Coulure?
Reduced yields
57
Ungrafted vines
Term used to describe a vine that is on its original rootstock
58
What is true about ungrafted vines?
Typically very old, resulting in lower, but more concentrated production
59
Veraison/Véraison
Marks the start of ripening in the berries. Red grapes change color from green to red, sugar and flavor accumulation begins, acid is degraded, and the berry softens
60
What happens at veraison?
Red grapes change color from green to red Sugar and flavor accumulation begins Acid is degraded Berry softens
61
Nickname of Vitis Aestivalis
Summer Grape
62
Nickname of Vitis Berlandieri
Fall Grape
63
Nickname of Vitis Labrusca
Fox Grape
64
Nickname of Vitis Riparia
Riverbank Grape
65
Nickname of Vitis Rupestris
Rock Grape
66
What is reported to be the oldest variety in America for commercial production?
Vitis Aestivalis
67
Attributes of Vitis Aestivalis
Prefers well draining soils on south facing slopes High maintenance Common characteristics to Vitis Vinifera Does not graft well — so not commonly used for phylloxera protection
68
Attributes of Vitis Berlandieri
Grows well in limestone-rich soils Does not root well so not commonly used for phylloxera protection
69
Attributes of Vitis labrusca
Grows well in cold climates Commonly used for the production of kosher and dessert wines Known for a distinct “foxy” aroma Disease prone so not commonly used for phylloxera protection
70
Which American rootstock is commonly used in the production of kosher and dessert wine?
Vitis Labrusca
71
Attributes of Vitis Riparia
Grows well in cold climates as well as hot, humid climates Commonly used for phylloxera protection due to climate tolerance, disease resistance, and its ability to root well
72
Attributes of Vitis rotundifolia
Grows well in regions with abundant sun exposure Very disease resistant and known for highly floral, musky aromas
73
Attributes of Vitis Rupestris
Drought and disease resistant Deep rooting Grows well in rocky soils Commonly used for phylloxera and hybrid production
74
Which American rootstocks are commonly used for phylloxera protection?
Vitis Riparia and Vitis Rupestris
75
Where is Vitis Aestivalis commonly planted?
Missouri
76
Where is Vitis Berlandieri commonly planted?
Texas
77
Where was Vitis labrusca developed? Where is it commonly planted?
Massachusetts Michigan/New York
78
Where is Vitis Riparia commonly planted?
Michigan and higher elevations throughout the USA
79
Where is Vitis rotundifolia commonly planted?
North Carolina
80
Where is Vitis Rupestris commonly planted?
Missouri
81
Which two American grape species are commonly planted in Missouri?
Vitis Aestivalis and Vitis Rupestris
82
What are the commonly used hybrids?
Catawba Clinton Concord Cunningham Cynthiana Delaware Herbemont Isabella Jacques Noah Norton Taylor
83
Name two commonly used hybrids that are white varieties.
Noah and Taylor (Taylor is the parent of Noah)
84
Catawba
Labrusca x ? Red Variety Widely grown in Missouri and Arkansas
85
Clinton
Labrusca x Riparia Red Variety Some plantings in Europe
86
Concord
Labrusca x Vinifera Red Variety Commonly used for sweet wine production in North America in addition to its commercial uses
87
Cunningham
Aestivalis x ? Red Variety Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas Resistant to Pierce’s Disease
88
Cynthiana
Aestivalis x ? Red Variety Commonly planted in Missouri and Virginia
89
Delaware (Hybrid)
Vinifera x Aestivalis Red Variety Often used for American sparkling wines
90
Herbemont
Aestivalis x ? Red Variety Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas Resistant to Pierce’s disease
91
Isabella (Hybrid)
Labrusca x Vinifera Red Variety Commonly planted in tropical climates
92
Jacquez (Hybrid)
Aestivalis x ? Red Variety Commonly planted in Eastern Europe and Texas Resistant to Pierce’s Disease
93
Noah (Hybrid)
Labrusca x Riparia White Variety Commonly used for Eau-de-vie production in France
94
Norton (Hybrid)
Aestivalis x ? Red Variety Commonly planted in Missouri and Virginia
95
Taylor (Hybrid)
Labrusca x Riparia White Variety Commonly used as rootstocks in France Parent grape of Noah
96
What are Field Spray Preparations?
Biodynamic preparations that are prepared as a team and sprayed on the soil or vine canopy. Just before application, the teas are dynamited, or stirred vigorously by hand or stick until a vortex forms, alternating direction every 30 to 60 seconds for 1 hour
97
What are compost preparations?
Biodynamic preparations that are used to treat compost 6 months before the compost is applied to the vineyard
98
What are the 3 Field Spray Biodynamic Preparations?
BD Prep 500 - Manure BD Prep 501 - Silica BD Prep 508 - Horsetail Plant
99
What are the 6 Compost Biodynamic Preparations?
BD Prep 502 - Yarrow Flowers BD Prep 503 - Chamomile Flowers BD Prep 504 - Stinging Nettles BD Prep 505 - Oak Bark BD Prep 506 - Dandelion Flowers BD Prep 507 - Valerian Flowers
100
What is BD Prep 500?
Field Spray Biodynamic Preparation Manure from a lactating cow placed inside a cow horn and buried during winter
101
What does BD Prep 500 use?
Fertilizer Stimulates soil microbial life and encourages root growth
102
How is BD Prep 500 applied?
Applied in the spring and fall, preferably within half an hour of sunset, on recently worked soil
103
What is BD Prep 501
Field Spray Biodynamic Preparation Paste of silica (powdered quartz) and water placed inside a cowhorn and buried during summer
104
What does BD Prep 501 do?
Assists with ripening & pests Encourages photosynthesis & ripening
105
When is BD Prep 501 applied?
Applied in the late spring or early summer, preferably at sunrise and never on young vines. Must be applied after Prep 500
106
What is BD Prep 508
Field Spray Preparation Horsetail plant boiled into a tea
107
What does BD Prep 508 do?
Anti-Fungal Fights fungal infections
108
How is BD Prep 508 applied?
Can be combined with fungicide and sprayed on the vine or fermented first and sprayed on the soil during the waxing moon. Must be applied after Preps 500 and 501
109
What is BD Prep 502
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Yarrow Flowers stuffed into deer bladder, dried in the sun, and buried over winter
110
What is the purpose of BD Prep 502?
Healing Wounds Aids in the absorption of nutrients from the soil
111
How is BD Prep 502 applied?
Added individually to holes in the compost pile
112
What is BD Prep 503?
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Chamomile flowers stuffed into a cow intestine, dried in the sun, and buried over winter
113
What is the purpose of BD Prep 503?
Anti-septic Stabilizes calcium and nitrogen
114
How is BD Prep 503 applied?
Added individually to holes in the compost pile
115
What is BD Prep 504?
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Stinging nettles buried for a year
116
What is the purpose of BD Prep 504?
Cleanser Helps breakdown materials inside compost
117
How is BD Prep 504 applied?
Added individually to holes in the compost pile
118
What is BD Prep 505?
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Oak bark stuffed inside the skull of a farm animal and stored somewhere moist for the winter
119
What is the purpose of BD Prep 505?
Reduces soil acidity Wards off disease Prevents excessive plant growth
120
How is BD Prep 505 applied?
Added individually to holes in the compost pile
121
What is BD Prep 506?
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Dandelion flowers stuffed into the connective tissues of a cow’s stomach, dried in the sun, and buried over the winter
122
What is the purpose of BD Prep 506?
Aids uptake of silica and potassium
123
How is BD Prep 506 applied?
Added individually to holes in the compost pile
124
What is BD Prep 507?
Compost Biodynamic Preparation Valerian flowers, pressed into a juice
125
What is the purpose of BD Prep 507?
Heats compost and adds phosphorous
126
How is BD Prep 507 applied?
Prepared as a tea, dynamited and sprayed onto the compost pile
127
What is the proper order of Field Spray Preparations?
500 (Manure), 501 (Silica), 508 (Horseplant)
128
All of the compost biodynamic preparations are added individually to holes in the compost pile except for which one?
BD Prep 507 — it is prepared as a tea, dynamited, and sprayed onto the compost pile
129
How many nutrients are required by grapevines for essential function?
17
130
What happens if grapevines receive too many nutrients?
High vigor/overproduction
131
What happens if a grapevine receives too few nutrients?
Chlorosis
132
What happens with chlorosis?
It occurs when photosynthesis is restricted as a result of too few nutrients in the vine — The leaves will turn yellow and the vine will eventually die.
133
What is the Winkler Index?
Classification of the climate of winemaking regions based on Growing Degree Days (GDD)
134
What is a degree day according to the Winkler Index?
A day over 50F, during the growing season Northern - April 1st to October 31st Southern - October 1st to April 30th For each degree over 50F, the region received one degree day.
135
What is the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere according to the Winkler Index?
April 1st to October 31st
136
What is the growing season in the Southern Hemisphere according to the Winkler Index?
October 1st to April 30th
137
How is the climate zone calculated for the Winkler Index?
For each degree over 50F during the growing season, the region receives one degree day. The number is then added to the sum — giving you the climate zone for the region
138
What are the climate zones for the Winkler Index?
Ia (coolest) Ib II III IV V (warmest)
139
How many degree days does Ia (the coolest climate zone) have during the growing season?
1500 to 2000
140
How does the Winkler Index define the Ia (Coolest) climate zone as far as suitability for grape growing?
Only very early-ripening varieties achieve high quality. Mostly hybrid varieties and some Vitis Vinifera
141
What places are associated with the Ia (coolest) climate zone for the Winkler Index?
Central Otago, New Zealand Champagne, France Kent, England Kremstal, Austria Leelanau Peninsula, Michigan Nova Scotia, Canada Okanagan Valley, Canada Puget Sound, Washington Rio Negro, Argentina Ruwer, Germany Sussex, England Tasmania, Australia Valais, Switzerland
142
How many degree days are present in the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
2001-2500
143
What is the suitability for grape growing in the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Only early-ripening varieties achieve high quality Some hybrid grape varieties, but mostly Vitis Vinifera
144
What places are associated with the Ib climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Adelaide Hills, Australia Alsace, France Baden, Germany Burgundy, France Central Coast, California Muscadet, France Marlborough, New Zealand Niagara Peninsula, Canada Rhine Valley, Germany Ribera del Duero, Spain Savoie, France Tokaj, Hungary Willamette Valley, Oregon Yarra Valley, Australia
145
How many degree days are found in the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
2501-3000
146
What is the suitability for grape growing in the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Early and mid-season table wine varieties will produce good-quality varieties
147
What places are associated with the II climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Alto Adige, Italy Bordeaux, France Columbia Valley, Washington Coonawarra, Australia Curico Valley, Chile Douro Valley, Portugal Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand Piedmont, Italy Rias Baixas, Spain Walker Bay, South Africa
148
How many degree days are found in the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
3501-4000
149
What is the suitability for grape growing in the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Favorable for high production of standard- to good-quality table wines
150
What places are associated with the III climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Barossa Valley, Australia Clare Valley, Australia Friuli, Italy Margaret River, Australia McLaren Vale, Australia Mendocino, California Monticello, Virginia Northern Rhône, France Paso Robles, California Rioja, Spain Rutherglen, Australia Sonoma Valley, California Thracian Valley, Bulgaria Umbria, Italy
151
How many degree days are found in the IV climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
3501-4000
152
What is the suitability of grape growing in the IV climate zone of the Winkler Index?
Favorable for high production but acceptable table wine quality at best
153
What places are associated with the IV climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Alentejo, Portugal Catalunya, Spain Corsica, France Hunter Valley, Australia Lisbon, Portugal Languedoc, France Napa Valley, California Northern Sonoma, California Roussillon, France Southern Rhone, France Stellenbosch, South Africa Tuscany, Italy Veneto, Italy
154
How many degree days are found in the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
4001-4900
155
What is the suitability for grape growing in the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Typically only suitable for extremely high production, fair-quality table wine, or table grape varieties destined for early season consumption
156
What places are associated with the V (warmest) climate zone according to the Winkler Index?
Jerez, Spain Lodi, California Madeira, Portugal Puglia, Italy Patras, Greece Sardinia, Italy Sicily, Italy
157
What are the average growing season temperatures for a place defined as Cool climate?
50-59
158
What regions are associated with a cool climate?
Mosel Alsace Champagne Kremstal Tasmania
159
What grape varieties are generally considered suitable for a cool climate?
Hybrids, Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay
160
What average temperatures are associated with an Intermediate climate?
59-63
161
What regions are associated with an intermediate climate?
Burgundy Loire Valley Rias Baixas Baden Tokay Okanagan Willamette Valley Coonawarra Hawke’s Bay
162
What grape varieties are considered suitable for an Intermediate climate?
Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Merlot, Syrah
163
What are the average temperatures associated with a warm climate?
63-67
164
What regions are associated with a warm climate?
Bordeaux Northern Rhone Southern Rhone Piedmont Rioja Columbia Valley (Washington) Sonoma Valley Napa Valley Curicó (Chile) Margaret River
165
What grape varieties are considered suitable for a warm climate?
Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Merlot, Malbec, Viognier, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sangiovese, Grenache, Carignan, Zinfandel, Nebbiolo
166
What average temperatures are associated with a hot climate?
67-72
167
What regions are associated with a hot climate?
Corsica Sicily Tuscany Jerez Douro Madeira Peloponnese Mendoza Barossa Stellenbosch Hunter Valley
168
What grape varieties are considered suitable for a hot climate?
Sangiovese, Grenache, Carignan, Zinfandel, Muscat, Verdelho, Fiano, Palomino, Nero d’Avola, Table Grapes
169
What wind affects the Great Southern region? What type of wind is it?
Albany Doctor Cool
170
What wind affects the Southern France What type of wind is it?
Autan Warm and Dry
171
What winds affect South Africa?
Benguela Current - Cool Berg - Hot and Dry Cape Doctor - Dry
172
What wind affects Switzerland? What type of wind is it?
Bise Cold
173
What wind affects NE Italy, Croatia, and Slovenia? What type of wind is it?
Bora Cold and Dry
174
What wind affects Southeastern Australia? What type of wind is it?
Brickfielder Hot and Dry
175
What wind affects the Canary Islands? What type of wind is it?
Calima Hot
176
What wind affects Canterbury? What type of wind is it?
Canterbury Northwester Warm and Dry
177
What winds affect Priorat? What type of wind is it?
Cerç - Cool and Dry Garbinada - Cool and Humid
178
What winds affect Languedoc? What type of wind is it?
Cers - Dry Marin - Hot and Humid Tramontane - Cool and Dry
179
What wind affects British Columbia? What type of wind is it?
Chinook Warm and Wet
180
What wind affects Rioja? What type of wind is it?
Cierzo Dry
181
What are the Coastal Pacific Winds? Which regions do they impact?
Chalk Hill Gap - Napa and Sonoma Petaluma Gap - Napa and Sonoma Salinas River Valley - Santa Lucia Highlands Templeton Gap - Paso Robles Van Duzer Corridor - Willamette Valley
182
What wind affects Northern California? What type of wind is it?
Delta Breezes Cool
183
What wind affects Contra Costa? What type of wind is it?
Diablo Hot and Dry
184
What wind affects Austria and Germany? What type of wind is it?
Foehn Warm and Dry
185
What wind affects Western Australia? What type of wind is it?
Fremantle Doctor Cool
186
What winds affect Corsica? What types of wind are they?
Garigliano - Cool and Dry Libeccio - Dry
187
What wind affects Sicily? What type of wind is it?
Grecale Cool
188
What wind affects Bordeaux? What type of wind is it?
Gulf Stream Humid
189
What winds affect Chile? What types of wind are they?
Humboldt Current - Cool Puelche - Warm and Dry
190
What wind affects Bulgaria? What type of wind is it?
Karajol Dry
191
What winds affect Sherry? What types of wind are they?
Lavante - Hot and Dry Poniente - Cool and Humid
192
What wind affects the French-Italian Riviera? What type of wind is it?
Lombarde Dry
193
What wine affects the Aegean Islands? What type of wind is it?
Meltemi Dry
194
What wind affects Rhône Valley? What type of wind is it?
Mistral Cold and Dry
195
What wind affects Brazil and Uruguay? What type of wind is it?
Pampero Cold and Dry
196
What wind affects New Zealand? What type of wind is it?
Roaring 40s (Raukawa) Strong
197
What wind affects Baja and Northern California? What type of wind is it?
Santa Ana Hot and Dry
198
What wind affects the Mediterranean? What type of wind is it?
Sirocco (Scirocco) Hot and Humid
199
What wind affects Israel? What type of wind is it?
Sharav Hot and Humid
200
What wind affects New South Wales? What type of wind is it?
Sharav Hot and Humid
201
What wind affects New South Wales? What type of wind is it?
Southerly Buster Cool
202
What winds affect Argentina? What types of wind are they?
Sudestada - Cool Zonda - Hot and Dry
203
What wind affects Santa Barbara? What type of wind is it?
Sundowner Hot and Dry
204
What wind affects Macedonia and Northern Greece? What type of wind is it?
Vardar Cold
205
What are the options for disease and pest management in the vineyard?
Synthetic chemicals (non-degradable) Natural applications Sexual confusion Vine uprooting
206
Examples of synthetic chemicals that can be used for disease and pest management
Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides
207
What is important in regards to synthetic chemical use in the vineyard?
Spraying must cease at least 2 weeks prior to harvest to ensure there are no harmful chemical residues in the wine
208
Examples of natural applications of disease and pest management
Diatomaceous Earth, Herbal solutions, natural oils, organic manure, recycled pomace
209
Examples of sexual confusion options for disease and pest management
Pheromone capsules, mating disruption dispensers, diffusers, solution pads
210
What are the 6 Fungal Diseases that affect vines?
Powdery Mildew (Oidium) Downy Mildew (Peronospora) Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm) Esca (Black Measles) Bunch Rot (Grey Rot) Black Rot
211
What are the 2 Viral diseases that affect vines?
Leafroll Virus Fanleaf Degeneration
212
What are the 3 Bacterial Diseases that affect vines?
Pierce’s Disease Crown Gall (Black Knot) Bacterial Blight
213
What Phytoplasmic Disease affects vines?
Flavescense Dorée
214
What are the 3 Pests that affect vines?
Phylloxera vastatrix (Daktulsphaira vitfoliae) European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana) Glass Winged Sharp Shooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)
215
Powder Mildew (Oidium)
Fungal Disease native to North America that affects the green parts of the vine and berries. It presents as a dusty white film, and is controlled by sulphuric sprays.
216
Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
Fungal disease native to North America that affects the green parts of the vines and causes leaves to fall off, limiting photosynthesis. Presents as a fuzzy white growth on the underside of leaves. Controlled by the Bordeaux mixture.
217
Bordeaux mixture
Developed in 1855. It is a blue colored, copper sulfate, water, and lime mixture used to control Down Mildew
218
Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)
Common in Mediterranean climates, it is a fungal toxic trunk disease that reduces vine yields. Does not affect quality of the fruit. No cure
219
Esca (Black Measles)
Fungal disease that rots the vine from within the drunk. Spread by wine, rain, or dirty tools. No cure
220
Bunch rot (Grey Rot)
Fungal disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in wet and humid conditions. Reduces yields and rots berries. Controlled by fungicides.
221
Black Rot
Native to North America. Caused by Guignardia bidwellii in hot and humid conditions. Fungal disease that affects all green parts of the vine and berries. Presents as black spots. Controlled by fungicides.
222
Leafroll Virus
Viral disease spread by mealy bugs or dirty tools. Causes leaves to turn red/gold and curl downwards limiting photosynthesis. There is no cure.
223
What is important to note about viral diseases on vines?
They rarely kill vines. Rather they delay ripening, reduce yields, and reduce quality
224
Fanleaf degeneration
Viral disease spread by nematodes. Limits shoot growth, causes pure fruit set, and deforms leaves with yellow bands around the veins, limiting photosynthesis. Controlled by propagation selection and vine removal
225
Pierce’s Disease
Bacterial disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa Prohibits vine vessels from producing chlorophyll and kills the vine typically within 5 years No cure
226
Crown Gallery (Black Knot)
Bacterial disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens Tumors develop on the vine trunk that slowly strangle the vine
227
Bacterial Blight
Bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris Yellow-brown spots form on the grape leaves and shoots limiting photosynthesis
228
Flavescense Dorée
Phytoplasmic disease spread by a leafhopper insect (Scaphoius titanus) or by dirty tools. Causes grape leaves to crack and turn yellow. Young vines may not be strong enough to survive. Old vines lose productivity. Commonly controlled by insecticides. First appeared in Armagnac in 1949
229
First appearance of Flavescense Dorée
Armagnac in 1949
230
Phylloxera vitfoliae
Pest that originated in North America A parthenogenetic aphid that feeds on the roots of the vines as well as lays eggs on the vine and upon hatching can feed on the leaves of the vines Creates galls on the roots, disrupts photosynthesis, and increases risk of fungal infections Common cure is to graft onto American rootstock
231
How does grafting on American rootstock cure Phylloxera?
American rootstock has stickier sap which clogs the mouth of the aphid as well as forms a protective layer over the wound to protect from infections
232
European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana)
Pest (moth) that lays eggs on grapevines. Larvae feed on flowers — reducing yields Common cure is sexual confusion
233
Glassy Winged Sharp Shooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)
Pest that spreads Pierce’s Disease
234
When was Phylloxera first discovered? Where?
1850s — Eastern US
235
Where in Europe was the first place to experience Phylloxera? When?
1863 - Southern England
236
When was Rhône Valley affected by Phylloxera?
1866
237
When was Austria affected by Phylloxera?
1868
238
When was Bordeaux affected by Phylloxera?
1869
239
What is another name for Provignage (En Foule)
Macottage or Layering
240
Marcottage/Layering
Method of propagating vines by burying one can to make another vine
241
What is essential for a vine?
Carbon dioxide, heat, water, sunlight, and nutrients to survive Another important factor for vine health is diurnal shifts Moderation is key
242
How do vines acquire CO2?
From the atmosphere, and through photosynthesis, producing oxygen
243
What are the dangerous temperatures for vines? What happens at each one?
Below -4 - vines can get frostbite or die Below 50 - vines become dormant Above 95 - photosynthetic activity declines Above 104 - photosynthetic shock (All are Farenheit)
244
What cannot occur in a vine without sunlight or water?
Photosynthesis or flowering
245
How do vines acquire sunlight?
Directly from the sun or reflected by bodies of water
246
What increases with the amount of sunlight vines are exposed to?
Glucose production
247
What is used to moderate the amount of sunlight a vine receives?
Canopy management and vine training
248
What happens if vines receive too much water?
Encourages over production
249
What happens if a vine receives too little water?
Causes vines to wilt and die
250
Dry Farming
Viticultural practice where a vintner does not apply any water to the vineyard
251
What are the 4 most common methods of irrigation?
Partial Root-Zone Drying (PRD) Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI) Furrow Irrigation Flood Irrigation
252
What is Partial Root-zone drying (PRD)? Where was it developed?
Method of irrigation that only waters one side of the vine at a time Australia
253
How does Partial Root-zone Drying (PRD) Irrigation affect the vine?
Water stress creates signals within the vine to adapt, conserve water, and extends photosynthetic activity Reduces canopy growth and vigor, increases quality, aromatics, and flavors
254
What is Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI)?
Method of irrigation that regulates, or restricts, the application of water to the vine
255
When is Regulated Deficiency Irrigation (RDI) done? Why?
Typically irrigation does not occur after flowering to stress the vine, limit crop production and improve fruit quality. Irrigation often resumes after harvest to ensure the vine’s successful storage of carbohydrates, nutrients, and water during dormancy
256
What is another name for Furrow Irrigation?
Trench Irrigation
257
What is Furrow Irrigation/Trench Irrigation?
Method of irrigation commonly used in extremely dry climates. Trenches are dug around the vine rows and filled with water, typically once or twice per year, to replicate a rain season, and allow the vine’s roots to absorb and store water. Quality wine regions typically employ dry farming for the remainder of the vintage
258
Is Trench or Furrow Irrigation typically utilized year round?
No, Furrow Irrigation typically occurs once or twice per year to replicate a rain season. Quality wine regions practice dry farming the remainder of the vintage
259
What is Flood Irrigation?
Method of irrigation commonly used in volume driven areas where a body of water is diverted to run through a vineyard to help increase water absorption to the roots and overall increasing vigor and yields
260
Micronutrients needed for healthy vine growth
Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Sodium, and Zinc
261
Macronutrients needed for healthy vine growth
Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Silicon, and Sulfur
262
Diurnal Shifts
Temperature fluctuations from day to night. Optimal conditions are warm days to aide in ripening and cool nights in order to retain acid and flavors.
263
What moderates diurnal shifts?
Bodies of water
264
What decreases as altitude increases?
Temperatures
265
Which way should vineyards face to receive the most amount of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere?
South
266
Which way should vineyards face to receive the most amount of sun exposure in the Southern Hemisphere?
North
267
How does Fog affect vineyards?
Helps to cool vineyard areas
268
What happens in regards to climate the further a vineyard is from the equator?
Further from the equator, the more sun exposure and the longer the growing day
269
How do soils affect climate?
Dark and stony soils absorb and radiate heat back up to the vine Wet soils, such as clay, take longer to absorb heat, which can delay vine growth
270
How does water affect climate?
Moderate diurnal shifts and reflects sunlight
271
Continental climate
Greatest difference in temperature between winter and summer, with the most seasonality Small bodies of water may influence the region
272
Maritime climate
Cool to moderate temperatures with little temperature variation between winter and summer, with consistent annual rainfall Large amounts of water influence the region
273
Mediterranean climate
Cool to moderate temperatures with little temperature variation between winter and summer, with dry summers, and low annual rainfall.
274
How much of the world has a Mediterranean climate?
4%
275
How long before vines are capable of grape production?
3 Years
276
How long before a grapevine is considered mature?
6 years
277
Regional labelings for old vines
France - Vielles vignes Germany - Alta Reben Italy - Vecchie vignette Spain - Viñas viejas Catalunya - Vinyas vellas Portugal - Vinhas velhas
278
Life cycle of the vine stages
March to February Bud Break followed by shoot and leaf growth, flowering, fruit set, véraison, harvest, winter dormancy, and winter pruning.
279
When did the grafting of French vines on American rootstock begin?
1871
280
When was Burgundy/Argentina affected by Phylloxera?
1878
281
When was Champagne affected by Phylloxera?
1888
282
When was Napa Valley affected by Phylloxera?
1920
283
When did the replanting of Napa Sonoma occur (due to Phylloxera)?
1988-1995
284
When was the National Phylloxera Management Protocol established?
2009
285
What region was affected by Phylloxera in 2019?
Walla Walla Valley
286
Where is Albariza soil found? What are its characteristics?
Southern Spain White-surfaced soil formed by diatomaceous deposits (Alberto is synonymous)
287
Where is Albarese soil found? What are its characteristics?
Chianti Compact clay and limestone
288
Where is Albian soil found? What are its characteristics?
Maury, Roussillon Type of schist
289
Where is Arène soil found? What are its characteristics?
Beaujolais Coarse, granitic sand ideally suited to Gamay
290
Where is Argovian Marl soil found? What are its characteristics?
Côte des Beaune Chalky, clay-like marl
291
Where is Arkose soil found? What are its characteristics?
Côtes d’Auvergne Parts of Beaujolais (eg. St. Amour) Red, Triassic sandstone consisting of feldspar, quartz, and clay minerals
292
Where is Aubuis soil found? What are its characteristics?
Touraine - Loire Valley Stony mix of permeable, fertile, calcareous clays that are said to be well suited to white grape varieties Highly rated for Chenin Blanc in Vouvray and Montlouis
293
Where is Barro soil found? What are its characteristics?
Tierra de Barros, Spain Similar soil to Albariza, but brown in color, sandier, and with less diatomaceous content While Palomino grapes are grown on Albariza soil, Barro is reserved for Pedro Ximénez
294
Soil reserved for Pedro Ximénez?
Barro
295
Where is Bauxite soil found? What are its characteristics?
Coteaux de Baux-de Provence As well as being a valuable ore mined for aluminum production, bauxite is found in limestone soils of Coteaux de Baux-de-Provence
296
Where is Boulbènes soil found? What are its characteristics?
Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux Borderlais name for a very fine siliceous soil that is easily compressed and hard to work. This “beaten” earth covers part of the Entre-Deux-Mers plateau in Bordeaux
297
Where is Crasse de fer soil found? What are its characteristics?
Libournais area of France Iron-rich, hard-pan also known as machefer
298
Where is Entroques soil found? What are its characteristics?
Burgundy (ex. Montagny) Type of hard limestone found in Burgundy
299
Where is Gabbro soil found? What are its characteristics?
Muscadet Dark, coarse-grained igneous rock
300
Where is Galestro soil found? What are its characteristics?
Tuscany Rocky, schistous clay soil commonly found in most of Tuscany’s best vineyards
301
Where is Gore soil found? What are its characteristics?
Beaujolais, St. Joseph, Côtes Roannaise Pinkish, decomposed granitic arenaceous soil
302
Where is Greensand soil found? What are its characteristics?
Southeast England Dark, greenish colored, glauconite-rich sand of Cretaceous origin found in some vineyards in southeast England. Greensand is often used as a water softener, which is ironic considering that it is found over chalk subsoil, known for its hard water
303
Where is Greywacke soil found? What are its characteristics?
Germany South Africa New Zealand* Argillaceous rocks that have been formed as recently as a few thousand years ago by rivers depositing mudstone, quartz, and feldspar
304
Where is Iron-pan soil found? What are its characteristics?
Bordeaux Sandy, iron-rich hard-pan found in parts of Bordeaux
305
Where is Jory soil found? What are its characteristics?
Willamette Valley Volcanic soil, primarily basalt, which is in turn a hard and dense soil that often has a glassy appearance. One of the two primary soil types found in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, particularly on the lower foothills, such as the Dundee Hills where Pinot Noir excels.
306
Where is Kimmeridgian soil found? What are its characteristics?
Parts of France England A grayish-colored limestone originally identified in, and so named after, the village of Kimmeridge in Dorset, England. A sticky, calcareous clay containing this limestone is often called Kimmeridgian clay
307
Where is Lignite soil found? What are its characteristics?
Germany Champagne The “brown coal” of Germany and the “black gold” of Champagne, this is a brown carbonaceous material intermediate between coal and peat. Warm and very fertile, it is mined and used as a natural fertilizer in Champagne.
308
Where is Llicorella soil found? What are its characteristics?
Priorat, Spain Catalan name for a black slate and quartz soil found in Priorat, Spain
309
Where is Macigno soil found? What are its characteristics?
Chianti Hard grey-blue sandstone found in Chianti
310
Where is Pelite soil found? What are its characteristics?
Banyuls Fine-grained clayey-quartz sedimentary rock found in Banyuls in the Roussillon region of France
311
Where is Peperite soil found? What are its characteristics?
Madeira Idaho’s Snake River Valley Limestone or marly rock that has been ejected by volcanic activity and is literally “peppered” with tiny peppercorn-like grains of basalt
312
Where is Phtanite soil found? What are its characteristics?
Savennières Coteaux du Layon Dark-colored sedimentary rock bearing stratas of quartz crystals
313
Where is Ruedas soil found? What are its characteristics?
Mantilla-Moriles, Spain Red sandy-limestone soil
314
Where is Ruffe soil found? What are its characteristics?
Languedoc, particularly in the VIn de Pays des Coteaux de Salagou
315
Where is Safres soil found? What are its characteristics?
Southern Rhône Valley Sandy-marl
316
Where is Saibro soil found? What are its characteristics?
Madeira Decomposed red tufa soil that is highly regarded in Madeira
317
Where is Silex soil found? What are its characteristics?
Pouilly-Fumé in the Loire Valley A hard, flint, clay and limestone rock famously promoted by Didier Dagueneau and others
318
Where is Steige soil found? What are its characteristics?
Alsace Type of schist found on the north side of Andlau in Alsace, it has metamorphosed with the Andlau granite and is particularly hard and slaty It has mixed with the granitic sand from the top of the Grand Cru Kastelberg and makes a dark, stony soil
319
Where is Terres Blanche soil found? What are its characteristics?
Sancerre Steep Kimmeridgian marls
320
Where is Tufa soil found? What are its characteristics?
Orvieto, Umbria Montalcino, Tuscany Langhe, Piedmont Limestone concretion that forms via water dripping through gaps in limestone
321
Where is Tuff soil found? What are its characteristics?
Taburno, Campania Balatonfüred-Csopak, Balatonfelvidék, and Balatonboglár around Lake Balaton in Hungary Galilee, Israel (particularly Upper Galilee and the Golan Heights) Rocks formed by fractured or water-bound material ejected by volcanic activity, tuff drains well
322
Where is Tuffeau soil found? What are its characteristics?
Loire (particularly Touraine) Buff-colored, sandstone-rich, otherwise chalky limestone as found in the Loire, particularly Touraine, and used in the construction of many of its châteaux
323
Where is Willakenzie soil found? What are its characteristics?
Willamette Valley Silty, clay-loam colluvium, this is one of the two primary soil types found in Oregon’s Willamette Valley
324
Acid Soil
Any soil that has a pH of less than 7 (neutral). Typically acidic soils that are acidic due to their parent rock include brown or reddish-brown, sandy loams or sands, volcanic soils, and any igneous or silicate-rich soil
325
How do neutral soils become acidic?
Too much humus or acid rain
326
Chemical makeup of acid soils
Low in calcium and magnesium with negligible amounts of soluble salts and reduced phosphorous availability
327
Aeolian Soil
Sediments deposited by wind
328
Alkaline Soil
Any soil that has a pH of more than 7 (neutral). Typically alkaline soils include chalk and any calcareous soils
329
Alluvial Deposits
Alluvium (n) Material that has been transported by river and deposited Most alluvial soils contain silt, sand, and gravel and are highly fertile
330
Aqueous Rocks
One of the three basic rock forms. Also called sedimentary or stratified.
331
Arenaceous Rocks
Formed by the deposits of coarse-grained particles, usually siliceous, and often decomposed from older rocks (eg. sandstone)
332
Argillaceous Soils
This term covers a. Ground of sedimentary soils, commonly clays, shales, mudstones, siltstones, and marls
333
Basalt material
This accounts for as much as 90% of all lava-based volcanic rocks. It contains various minerals, is rich in lime and soda, but not quartz, the most abundant of all minerals, and is poor in potash
334
Bastard Soil
A borderlais name for medium-heavy sandy-clay or variable fertility
335
Calcareous Clay
An argillaceous soil with carbonate of lime content that neutralizes the clay’s intrinsic acidity. It’s low temperature also delays ripening, so wines produced on this type of soil tend to be more acidic
336
Calcareous Soil
This label is for any soil, or mixture of soils, with an accumulation of calcium and magnesium carbonate. Essentially alkaline, it promotes the production of acidity in grapes, although the pH of each soil will vary according to its level of “active” lime. Calcareous soils are cool, with good water retention. With the exception of calcareous clays, they allow the vine’s root system to penetrate deeply and provide excellent drainage
337
Carbonaceous Soil
Soil that is derived from rotting vegetation under anaerobic conditions. The most common carbonaceous soils are peat, lignite, coal, and anthracite.
338
Chalk
A type of limestone, chalk is a soft, cool, porous, brilliant-white, sedimentary, alkaline rock that encourages grapes with a relatively high acidity level. It also allows the vine’s routes to penetrate and provides excellent drainage, while at the same time retaining sufficient moisture for nourishment.
339
Clayey-loam
A very fertile version of loam, but heavy to work under wet conditions, with a tendency to become water-logged
340
Coal
Rarely seen as a vineyard soil, except for Chardonnay vines grown on one of the slag heaps at Hallicourt, near Béthune, in Pas-de-Calais
341
Colluvial deposits
Colluvium (n) Weathered material transported by gravity or hill-wash Synonymous with Scree
342
Crystalline
May either be igneous (eg Granite) or metamorphic
343
Dolomite (soil term)
Calcium-magnesium carbonate rock Many limestones contain dolomite
344
Feldspar (or Felspar)
One of the most common minerals, feldspar is a white- or rose-colored silicate of either potassium-aluminum or sodium-calcium-aluminum and is present in a number of rocks, including granite and balsalt
345
Ferruginous clay
Iron-rich clay
346
Flint (soil)
A siliceous stone that stores and reflect heat and is associated with a certain “gun-flint” smell that sometimes occurs in wines
347
Glacial moraine
Gritty scree that has been deposited by glacial action
348
Gneiss
Course-grained form of granite
349
Granite (soil term)
Hard, mineral-rich rock that warms quickly and retains its heat. Granite contains 40 to 60 percent potassium feldspar, plus mica or hornblende, and various other minerals It has a high pH that reduces wine acidity.
350
Why is Granite the best soil for Gamay?
It has a high pH that reduces wine acidity. (Gamay being an acidic grape)
351
Gypsum (soil)
Highly absorbent, hydrated calcium-sulphate that was formed during the evaporation of sea-water
352
Gypsiferous marl
A marly soil permeated with Keuper or Muschelkalk, gypsum fragments, which improve the soil’s heat-retention and water-circulation properties
353
Hard-pan (soil)
A dense layer of clay that forms if the subsoil is more clayey than the topsoil at certain depths. Hard-pans are impermeable to both water and roots, so they are not desirable too close to the surface but may provide an easily reachable water-table if located deep down.
354
Hornblende (soil)
A silicate of iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium, it constitutes the main mineral found in basalt and is a major component of granite and gneiss
355
Humus (soil)
Organic material that contains bacteria and other micro-organisms that are capable of converting complex chemicals into simple plant foods. Humus makes soil fertile, without it, soil is nothing more than finely ground rock
356
Igneous rock
One of the three basic rock forms, igneous rocks are formed from molten or partially molten material. Most igneous rocks are crystalline
357
Keuper (soil)
Term often used when discussing wines in Alsace, Keuper is a stratigraphic name for the Upper Triassic period and can mean marl or limestone
358
Lacustrine limestone
Freshwater limestone that forms at the bottom of lakes. Lacustrine-limestone soils have been found on Pelee Island and the Niagara district of Ontario, Yakima Valley in Washington, and Quincy in the Loire Valley
359
Limestone (soil)
Any sedimentary rock consisting essentially of carbonates. With the exception of chalk, few limestones are white; instead grey- and buff-colored are probably the most common hues found limestones in wine areas. The hardness and water retention of this rock vary, but being alkaline limestone generally encourages the production of grapes with a relatively high acidity level.
360
Loam (soil)
A warm, soft crumbly soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand, and silt. It is perfect for large-cropping mediocre-quality wines but too fertile for fine wines
361
Loess (soil)
An accumulation of wind-born, mainly silty material, that is sometimes calcareous but usually weathered and decalcified. Loess warms up relatively quickly and also has good water retention properties
362
Marl (soil)
A cold, calcareous clay-like soil (usually 50% clay content) that delays ripening and adds acidity to wine
363
Marlstone
Clayey limestone that has a similar effect to marl
364
Metamorphic rock (soil)
One of the three basic categories of rock, this type is caused by great heat or pressure, often both
365
Mica (Soil)
Generic name encompassing various silicate minerals, usually in a fine, decomposed-rock format
366
Millstone (soil)
Siliceous, iron-rich sedimentary rock
367
Mudstone (soil)
Sedimentary soil similar to clay but without its plastic characteristics
368
Muschelkalk (soil)
Often used when discussing wines in Alsace, Muschelkalk is a stratigraphic name for the Middle Triassic period, and can mean anything from sandstone to marl, dolomite, and shingle
369
Oolite (soil)
Type of limestone
370
Oolith (soil)
Term used for small, round calcareous pebbles that have grown through fusion of very tiny particle
371
Palus (soil)
Borderlais name for a very fertile soil of modern alluvial origin that produces medium-quality, well-colored, robust wines
372
Particle size (Soil)
The size of a rock determines its descriptive name. No handfuls of soil will contain particles of a uniform size, unless it has been commercially graded, of course, so all descriptions can only be guesstimates
373
Perlite (soil)
Fine, powdery, light, and lustrous substance of volcanic origin with similar properties to diatomaceous earth
374
Perruches (soil)
Very stony, flinty clays combined with silica, perruches soils warm up quickly and are said to be why Sauvignon Blanc grapes grown on them have a flinty taste
375
Precipitates salts (soil)
Sedimentary deposit Water charged with acid or alkaline material, under pressure of great depth, dissolves various mineral substances from rocks on the sea-bed, which are then held in solution. When the water flows to a place of no great depth or is drained away or evaporates, the pressure is reduced, the minerals are no longer held in solution and precipitate in deposits that may be just a few centimeters or several thousand meters deep
376
Five groups of Precipitates salts
Oxides Carbonates Sulphate Phosphates Chlorides
377
Prism-like soil
Referring to the soil structure, “prism-like” indicates a columnar or vertical arrangement of soil particles
378
Pudding stones (soil)
Term used for a large, heat-retaining conglomerate of pebbles
379
Quartz (soil)
Most common and abundant mineral, quartz is a crystalline form of silica. It is found in various sizes and in almost all soils, although sand and coarse silt contain the largest amount. Quartz has a high pH which reduces wine acidity, but quartz that is pebble-sized or larger, stores and reflects heat, which increases alcohol potential
380
Rock (soil)
Rock may be loosely described as a mass of mineral matter. There are three basic types of rock: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary (or aqueous or stratified)
381
Sand (soil)
Tiny particles of weathered rocks and minerals that retain little water but constitute a warm, airy soil that drains well and is supposedly phylloxera-free
382
Sandstone (soil)
Sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized particles that have either been formed by pressure or bound by various iron minerals
383
Sandy-loam (soil)
Warm, well-drained, sand-dominated loam that is easy to work and suitable for early-cropping grape varieties
384
Schist (soil)
Heat-retaining, coarse-grain, laminated, crystalline rock that is rich in potassium and magnesium but poor in nitrogen and organic substances
385
Sedimentary Rock (soil)
One of the three basic rock forms, it includes arenaceous (eg. Sandstone), argillaceous (eg. Clay), calcareous (eg. Limestone), carbonaceous (eg. Peat, lignite, or coal), and siliceous (eg. Quartz) and the 5 Groups of precipitated salts. Sedimentary rock is also called aqueous or stratified
386
Shale (soil)
Heat-retaining, fine-grain, laminated, moderately fertile sedimentary rock. Shale can turn into slate under pressure
387
Shingle (Soil)
Pebble- or gravel-sized particle rounded by water-action
388
Siliceous Soil
Generic term for acid rock of a crystalline nature. It may be organic (such as flint) or inorganic (quartz) and have good heat retention, but no water retention unless found in a finely ground form in silt, clay, and other sedimentary soils. Half of the Bordeaux region is covered with siliceous soils
389
Silt (soil)
Very fine deposit, with good water retention. Silt is more fertile than sand but is cold and offers poor drainage
390
Slate (soil)
Hard, often dark grey (but can be any color between brown and bluish grey), fine-grain, plate-like rock formed under pressure from clay, siltstone, shale, and other sediments. It warms up quickly, retains its heat well, and is responsible for many fine wines, most notably from the Mosel
391
Slaty-schist (soil)
Sort of half-formed slate created under lower temperature and pressure than fully formed slate
392
Spiroidal soil
Referring to the soil structure, “spiroidal” indicates a granular or crumb-like composition of soil particles
393
Stone (soil)
This word should be used with rock types, such as limestone and sandstone, but is often used synonymously with pebble
394
Stratified Rock
One of the three basic rock forms, also called sedimentary or aqueous
395
Terra Rossa (soil)
Red, clay-like sometimes flinty sedimentary soil that is deposited after carbonate has been leached out of limestone. It is often known as “red earth”
396
Volcanic soils
Derived from two sources, volcanic soils are lava-based (the products of volcanic flow) and vent-based (material blown into the atmosphere). Some 90 percent of lava-based rocks and soils are comprised of basalt, while others include andesite, pitch stone rhyolite, and tracheae. Vent-based matter has either been ejected as molten globules, cooled in the air, and dropped to earth as solid particles (pumice), or as solid material and fractured through the explosive force with which it was flung (tuff).

Advanced Sommelier (56 decks)

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