Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The Patient > Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Elements > Flashcards

Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basics of a healthy diet?

A 
Carbohydrate (simple and complex)
Fat 
Protein 
Dairy 
Vitamins
Minerals and trace elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What role do vitamins and minerals play in the body?

A

They play a key role as co-factors or co-enzymes in most metabolic reactions
They also have an antioxidant effect in their role as free radical scavengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much vitamins and minerals are required?

A

Only required in small quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are vitamins?

A

‘Vital amines’, complex organic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do we need vitamins in our diets?

A

The body does not make sufficient quantities and so we must obtain them from food or supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is vitamin D made?

A

By exposure to sunlight (synthesised in the skin via cholesterol by sunlight), problematic for those who may be housebound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do we get vitamin B12 from?

A

Animal products, problematic for vegans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which are the fat soluble (stored) vitamins?

A

Vit A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are water soluble vitamins like (in terms of structure)?

A

Tend to have polar structures with alcohols and esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins like (in terms of structure)?

A

Tend to be lipophilic with long fatty acid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are most water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Small intestine (duodenum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are most fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

By bile in the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can reduce levels of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Levels of fat soluble vitamins are reduced if fat absorption is reduced e.g. by lack of pancreatic enzymes/low fat diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

By intrinsic factor (IL) in the ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What produces vitamin K in the body?

A

GI flora from original plant sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are vitamin K levels important to consider?

A

Interaction with warfarin/INR, antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do we get vitamin D from?

A

Dietary but also synthesised (sunlight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which vitamins are stored in the body?

A

Fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which units are used to describe vitamins?

A

Milligrams or micrograms

Vitamin A, D and E are also quoted in International Units (IU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are vitamins sources of energy?

A

No, they simply take part in the body’s metabolic processes and act as antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which external factors affect vitamins?

A 
Heat
Light 
Oxygen 
Enzymes 
Minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are vitamins lost from foods?

A

Poor storage and preparation methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin A deficiency?

A

Poor night vision

25
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Wenikes encephalopathy

26
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin B7 deficiency?

A

Hair loss, anaemia

27
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin B9 deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anaemias, neural tube defects

28
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia, peripheral neuropathy

29
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin C deficiency?

A

Painful joints, scurvy

30
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets, osteoporosis

31
Q

What is the effect of a vitamin K deficiency?

A

Abnormal clotting

32
Q

Which vitamin is important in pregnancy and why?

A

General principles of good nutrition apply in pregnancy, but particularly folic acid
Folic acid is important in the prevention of neural tube defects (including spina bidifda)

33
Q

Which doses of folic acid are given in pregnancy?

A

No previous history of NTD - 400mcg OD until 12th week of pregnancy
Previous history, epilepsy or taking anti epileptics increased to 5mg OD

34
Q

Which foods should be avoided in pregnancy and why?

A

Fish (shark, swordfish, marlin, tuna, as high mercury contents which can have neuro effects)
Raw shell fish (food poisoning)
Soft cheeses (Listeria)
Mayo and raw/undercooked eggs (Salmonella)
Liver and pate (Vit A teratogenic and listeria)
Restrict caffeine (miscarriage and low birth weight)
Alcohol

35
Q

What are some examples of minerals?

A 
Electrolytes 
Calcium 
Magnesium
Phosphorus 
Sodium 
Potassium
36
Q

What are some examples of trace elements?

A 
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Fluoride
Selenium
Copper
37
Q

What are minerals and trace elements?

A

Inorganic substances

38
Q

How much minerals and trace elements are needed?

A

Minerals are needed in large amounts (particularly sodium and potassium)
Trace elements are needed in smaller quantities

39
Q

What are minerals and trace elements needed for?

A 
Formation of bones and teeth 
Essential constituents of body fluids and tissues
Components of enzyme systems 
Nerve function
Blood constituents
40
Q

What are sources of minerals and trace elements?

A

Food, supplements, water

No one food provides everything, need a balanced diet

41
Q

What affects the absorption of minerals and trace elements?

A

Presence of other minerals/vitamins either at high or low levels
Components found in food
Amount of mineral already in body

42
Q

What can a potassium and magnesium deficiency cause?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

43
Q

What can a calcium and magnesium deficiency cause?

A

Osteoporosis, muscle cramps, tetany

44
Q

What can a zinc deficiency cause?

A

Hair loss and poor wound healing

45
Q

What can an iron deficiency cause?

A

Anaemia

46
Q

What is Copper-Wilson’s disease?

A

A rare genetic disorder that causes copper poisoning in the body

47
Q

What does RDA stand for?

A

Recommended dietary amount

48
Q

What does RDI stand for?

A

Recommended dietary intake

49
Q

What does RNI stand for?

A

Reference nutrient intake

50
Q

What does SUL stand for?

A

Safe upper level
Made for only 8 vitamins and minerals
Guidance issued for 22 others

51
Q

What is fortification?

A

Addition of nutrients to appropriate food vehicles

52
Q

What are some examples of fortification?

A

Vitamin D fortified margarine
B vitamins and iron in cereals
Calcium, iron, thiamine and niacin in white and brown flour
Fluoride in drinking water

53
Q

What are supplements?

A

Contain nutrients and other ingredients

People believe they will have a beneficial effect on health, but results are often anecdotal/misinterpretations

54
Q

Give one example of a claim from a supplement.

A

Vitamin C boosts the immune system

55
Q

Who uses supplements?

A

Over 40% of men and women regularly use supplements in the UK
Mostly used by the ‘worried well’ i.e. do not need them

56
Q

Who may actually need supplements?

A

People living in places with little sunshine (e.g. Manchester) - vitamin D deficient
Older people - calcium and vitamin D deficient, especially those who are housebound
Vegetarians/vegans - B12 and folic acid
Pregnant women - folic acid and possibly iron if anaemic
Babies and pre school children - vitamins A and D
Alcoholics (poor diet and poor GI absorption) - vitamin B1 (Wenikes and Korsikoffs psychosis)
People with vitamin/mineral deficiency (e.g. coeliac, UC/Crohns, lack of IF)
CKD - activated vitamin D and calcium
People taking antiepileptics drugs - vitamin D deficient

57
Q

What are some of the problems associated with supplements?

A

Toxicity/accumulation, especially with iron
Complacency and bad diet
Legal status means there is practically no control over them
Not viewed as a medicine so difficult for us to offer advice

58
Q

Give 3 examples of drug/supplement interactions.

A

Methotrexate and folic acid
Iron and vitamin C
Tetracyclines and metal salts

59
Q

What is our role as pharmacists?

A

Give advice on healthy diet
Identify patients who may benefit from supplements
Be aware of the common symptoms of deficiency
Be able to recommend appropriate supplements

The Patient (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions