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MCM > Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

K+ source

A 
unprocessed foods (meats, veggies, fruit, nuts, legumes) 
3.5-5 mEq/L
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2
Q

Na+ source

A

animal origins, dietary salt

135-145 mEq/L

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3
Q

Cl- source

A 
dietary salt (ingested as NaCL)
95-105mEq/L
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4
Q

Ca2+ source

A

milk and diary, soybeans, green veggies

8.4-10.2 mEq/L

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5
Q

PO34- source

A

dairy, wheat, beans, walnuts

3-4.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Mg2+ source

A

meat, fish, veggies, nuts, grains

1.7-2.2 mEq/L

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7
Q

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

A

from: alcoholism/affects absorption
Wernicke’s: ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia
Korsakoff’s: psychosis, confabulation
Dry beriberi: muscle wasting, partial paralysis
Wet beriberi: cardiac failure, peripheral edema

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8
Q

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

A

from: diet deficiency, malabsorption
corneal neovascularization
cheilosis/stomatitis
magenta-colored tongue

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9
Q

Niacin (B3) deficiency

A

Hartnup disease (impaired AA absorption –> tryptophan deficiency –> niacin deficiency

malnutrition –> Pellegra: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death (4Ds)

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10
Q

Panthothenic Acid (B5) deficiency

A 
extreme starvation
dermatitis
numbness
parestesia
muscle cramps
enteritis 
alopecia
adrenal insufficiency
hypoglycemia
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11
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

A 
from: isoniazid therapy
sideroblastic anemia (iron can't be converted to heme) 
cheilosis/stomatitis 
intertrigo
convulsions
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12
Q

Biotin (B7) deficiency

A 
from: raw eggs (contain biotin-binding ptn)
alopecia
rashes, seborrheic dermatitis
bowel inflammation
muscle pain
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13
Q

Folic Acid (B9) deficiency

A 
from: alcohol, pregnancy, drug side effect
macrocytic megaloblastic anemia 
cardiovascular disease 
DVT 
thromboembolism
stroke
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14
Q

Cobalamin (B12) deficiency

A

from: pernicious anemia, pancreatitis, vegetarian diet, ileum resection
megaloblastic anemia
neuropathies
homocysteinemia (CV disease, DVT, stroke)

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15
Q

Ascorbate (Vit C) deficiency

A 
from: lack of citrus and leafy veggies
poor wound healing, easy bruising
hemorrhaging, bleeding gums, anemia
increased bleeding time 
painful glossitis
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16
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

vision (retinal)

epithelial maintenance

17
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A 
from: malnutrition, fat malabsorption, liver cirrhosis 
night blindness
metaplasia of corneal epithelium
frequent infections 
follicular hyperkeratosis
18
Q

Vitamin D functions

A

GI: synthesis of Ca2+ binding ptns, inc. phosphate absorption
Kidneys: reabsorption of Ca2+, secretion of phosphate
Bone: osteoclast activation, bone reabsorption

19
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

  • delayed growth
  • pain in spine, pelvis, and legs
  • muscle weakness
  • bowed legs
  • thickened wrists and ankles
  • breastbone projection
20
Q

cofactors

A

noncovalent interaction w/ enzyme, stabilize active site, metal ions, trace elements

21
Q

coenzymes

A

cosubstrate or prosthetic group
organic molecules, vitamins
NAD+, heme

22
Q

Mg+ as a cofactor

A

cytochrome c oxidase

23
Q

Fe as a cofactor

A

heme proteins, required to bind to oxygen

24
Q

Mg as a cofactor

A

ATPases, kinases

25
Q

Se a a cofactor

A

glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)

26
Q

Zn as a cofactor

A

superoxide dismutase (antioxidant), carbonic anhydrase

27
Q

glycerophospholipids

A

phosphatidyl serine
phosphatidyl choline
phosphatidyl inositol

28
Q

spingolipids

A

phosphoryl choline

ceramide

29
Q

extracellular lipids

A

phosphatidylcholine
spingomyelin
glycolipids

30
Q

intracellular lipids

A

phosphatidylinositol
phosphatidylserine (marker for apoptosis if extracellular)
phosphatidylethanolamine

31
Q

food pyramid ratios

A

10-15% cals from proteins
25-35% from fat
rest from carbs

32
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

33
Q

disaccharides

A 
sucrose = glucose + fructose 
lactose = glucose + galactose 
maltose = glucose + glucose
34
Q

steatorrhea

A

excess fat in stool
malabsorption of fat
concern for lipid soluble vitamin deficiency

35
Q

glucose transporter types

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A 
GLUT1 - brain, RBCs (high affinity)
GLUT2- liver (low affinity)
GLUT3- neurons (high affinity) 
GLUT4- skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue (regulated by insulin) 
GLUT5- fructose
36
Q

SGLT1 transports:

A

glucose, galactose

MCM (2 decks)

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