Vitamins/minerals Flashcards
What are the essential vitamins?
A
B 12
C
D
E
K
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
Biotin
Folate
What are the essential roles of vit A?
-vision
-cellular differentiation (esp. eyes)
-immune system function
What are the symptoms of vit A deficiency?
-xeropthalmia (cornea/conjunctiva abnormalities)
-night or complete blindness
-dermatologic problems (hyperkeratosis)
-impairment of humoral and cell-mediate immunity (phagocytes and T-cells)
What are the essential roles of thiamine (B1)?
-cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism
-nerve impulse propagation
-cellular metabolic activities
What are the symptoms of thiamine (B1) deficiency?
-Beri-beri = cardiac and neurologic dysfunction
-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
-Wernicke’s = nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
-Korsakoff’s = chronic neurologic disorder (follows Wernicke’s)
What electrolyte deficiency leads to a functional form of thiamine (B1) deficiency?
Mg
What are the essential roles of riboflavin (B2)?
-coenzyme component in energy producing respiratory pathways
-mitochondrial function
-RBC production
What are the symptoms of riboflavin (B2) deficiency?
-pharyngeal edema/sore throat/glossitis/stomatitis
-anemia (normocytic-normochromic)
What are the essential roles of niacin (B3)?
-forms NAD and NADP
-crucial in synthesis of carbs, proteins, and fatty acids
What are the symptoms of niacin (B3) deficiency?
pellagra
-symmetric hyperpigmented rash
-diarrhea, vomiting, red tongue
-neurologic symptoms
What are the essential roles of panthothenic acid (B5)?
-converted to coenzyme A (first step in TCA cycle)
-molecular synthesis
What are the symptoms of panthothenic acid (B5) deficiency?
rare
-distal paresthesias
-GI distress
What are the essential roles of pyridoxine (B6)?
-Schiff base formation
-amino acid and neurotransmitter synthesis
-gluconeogensis
What are the symptoms of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?
rare
-stomatitis, glossitis, cheliosis
-confusion and depression
-increased homocysteine concentrations/atherosclerosis
What are the essential roles of cyanocobalamin (B12)?
-DNA synthesis
-RBC production
-myelin formation
What are the symptoms of cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency?
-megaloblastic anemia
-distal neuropathy (> arms) = paresthesias, ataxia, weakness
-osteoporosis/bone loss/spine and hip fx
What are the essential roles of vit C?
-fatty acid transport
-collagen synthesis
-norepi and prostaglandin synthesis
What are the symptoms of vit C deficiency?
Scurvy (syndrome of disordered connective tissue)
-ecchymoses, bleeding gums, hyperkeratosis
-arthralgias
-impaired wound healing
What are the essential roles of vit D?
-stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and phos
-stimulates mobilization of calcium from bone
-stimulates the kidney to reabsorb calcium
What are the symptoms of vit D
deficiency?
-hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia
-Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
-secondary hyperparathyroidism
What are the essential roles of vit E?
-free radical scavenger/antioxidant
-inhibition of cell proliferation and platelet aggregation
What are the symptoms of vit E
deficiency?
-neuromuscular symptoms: ataxia, hyporeflexia, sensory loss
-hemolysis
-decreased RBC lifespan
What are the essential roles of vit K?
-cofactor for activation of factors 10, 9, 7, 1 (prothrombin)
-cofactor for activation of proteins C and S
-cofactor for proteins in bone mineralization
What are the symptoms of vit K
deficiency?
coagulation disorders
-easy bruising
-melena or hematuria
-prolonged bleeding
