Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
VITAMINS
Substances that the body requires for carrying out essential metabolic reactions
The body cannot synthesize enough of these components to meet all of its needs
Vitamins must be obtained from animal and vegetables tissues taken in as food.
MINERALS
Naturally accruing inorganic substances
Important for normal functioning of the human body
Taken in via diet
Some are also electrolytes
VITAMINS & MINERALS DEFICIENCIES
Increase risk of health problems
Can be harmful if their levels are too high in the body (toxicity can occur)
Most of the time, these can be ingested via diet. Supplements needed when deficiency is present
VITAMINS & MINERALS THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
Many roles to facilitate functioning of the human body.
They are used to build bones, make hormones, regulate fluid volume, generate nerve action potentials, and produce red blood cells
VITAMINS & MINERALS INDICATIONS
Treatment of deficiencies, as dietary supplements, and specific therapy related to the activity of the vitamin or mineral.
Ex. Wound healing
VITAMINS & MINERALS CONTRAINDICATIONS
Allergy to the drug or the colorants, additives, or preservatives
Levels are high in the body
VITAMINS & MINERALS ADVERSE EFFECTS
Gastrointestinal upset (take with food)
VITAMINS & MINERALS DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
Fat-soluble vitamins may not be absorbed if given concurrently with mineral oil, cholestyramine, or colestipol
Potassium and potassium-sparing directs
Magnesium and calcium decreases absorption of antibiotics and iron
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Dissolve in water
Readily excreted in urine
Daily intake in needed
- Vit. B Complex
-Vit. C
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Dissolve in Fat
Tend to be stored in the liver and daily intake not necessary
Vitamins A,D,E,K (Don’t Always Eat Kale)
VITAMIN A
Indication for administration
Deficiency and malnutrition
Wound healing
VITAMIN A
Signs of deficiency
Night blindness and other vision problems
Impaired skin integrity
VITAMIN A
Toxicity
Hypervitaminosis - A
Mouth ulcers, cracked fingernails, bone pain, loss of appetite, cracked corners of the mouth, blurry vision or other vision changes, dizziness.
VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)
Indication for Administration
Deficiency (scurvy is severe deficiency)
Enhances Po iron absorption
Wound healing
VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)
Signs of deficiency
Gingivitis
Hair and tooth loss
Nosebleeds, easy bruising, delayed healing
VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)
ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS
Kidney stones (with megadose)
Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
(VITAMIN D)
Fat soluble vitamin
Given for malnutrition or deficiney
Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
(VITAMIN D)
Sings of deficeincy
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Tetany
Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
(VITAMIN D)
Toxicity
Hypervitaminosis D
fatigue
loss of appetite
weight loss
excessive thirst
excessive urination
dehydration
constipation
irritability
nervousness
Cyanocobalamin (VITAMIN B12)
Indication for administration
Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia)–> cannot absorb B12
Deficiency and malnutrition
ETOH
Malabsorption syndrome
Vegan diet
Prolonged use of PPIs or H2 blockers (treat GERD)
Cyanocobalamin (VITAMIN B12)
Sings of defeciency
Megaloblastic Anemia
Mucous membranes - cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis
Neurologic–> paresthesia, balance problems, memory loss, thinking problems
Vitamin E
Indications for Administration
Fat soluble
Mostly in premature infants
May be low due to metabolic syndrome
Wound healing (vitamins ACE)
Vitamin E
Toxicity
Nausea
gastric distress
abdominal cramps
diarrhea
headache
fatigue
easy bruising and bleeding
Niacin (vitamin)
Indication for administration
Pellagra is niacin deficiency (often d/t malabsorption)
Used as lipid-lowering agent
Niacin (vitamin)
Signs of deficiency
mucous membranes –> cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis
Niacin (vitamin)
Adverse Effects
Flushing of skin
Pruritus
GI distress may occur at high doses
Phytonadione (Vitamin K)
Fat soluble (ADEK)
Synthesized by GI normal flora
Phytonadione (Vitamin K)
Indications for administration
Deficiency states (may occur with antibiotic therapy)
Phytonadione (Vitamin K)
Caution
Deaths with IV route
Interferes with Warfarin therapy
Phytonadione (Vitamin K)
Toxicity
Jaundice
hyperbilirubinemia
hemolytic anemia
Kernicterus in infants (untreated jaundice in babies)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Indication for adminiatration
Beriberi is a thiamine deficiency
Wernicke-Korskoff’s (alcoholic) encephalopathy
Peripheral neuritis
Deficiency and malnutrition
ETOH
Malabsorption Syndrome
Calcium (Mineral)
ACTION
Is needed for musculoskeletal, nerve, and CV function
Calcium (Mineral)
INDICATION
Deficiency
Reduce risk of osteoporosis
Used in conjunction with Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption
Magnesium (Mineral)
ACTION
Activates many intracellular enzymes
Helps regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle contractility
Magnesium (Mineral)
Indication
Deficiency
Antacid or laxative
Decreased uterine contraction (stop preterm labor)
Prevent seizure in preeclampsia
Magnesium (Mineral)
Toxicity
AV node conduction suppression (heart)
Muscle weakness
Respiratory depression
Diarrhea
ANTIDOTE for increased levels of Magnesium : Calcium Gluconate
Phosphorus (mineral)
ACTION
Regulates acid-base balance, bone formation, energy production, and hormone activation
Phosphorus (mineral)
Indication
Deficiency
May prevent some kidney stone formation
Potassium (Mineral)
ACTION
Regulate acid-base balance, nerve action potentials, and electrical excitability of muscles
Potassium (Mineral)
Indication
Deficiency
Potassium (Mineral)
Toxicity
EKG changes –> Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
Muscle cramps
Palpitations
