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Diseases of metabolism > Vitamins and vitamin deficiencies > Flashcards

Vitamins and vitamin deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of vitamin a?

A

preformed (retinol/al): egg yolk, dairy, fish oil

precursor (carotenoids): yellow/orange/green veggies

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2
Q

Signs of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness
Xerophtalmia
keratinized epithelium
contributes to measles mortality

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3
Q

what does vitamin A do?

A

vision

epithelial cell differentiation

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4
Q

what does vitamin D do?

A

maintain Ca and P levels
works as a hormone
innate and adaptive immune fnxn

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5
Q

sources of vitamin D

A

egg yolks, fortified milk
fatty fish and fish oils
plants (d2, ergocalciferol)

sun (converts precursor to d3 in the skin)

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6
Q

signs of vitamin d deficiency

A

Rickets (bowed legs, widened metaphyses, painful bones, rachitic rosary on ribs)
hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia

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7
Q

populations esp at risk for vit d deficiency

A

dark pigment
liver or renal dz
obesity (vit d sequestered in fat)
breastfed infants not receiving vit d drops

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8
Q

vitamin d toxicity: what does it look like, in whom do you see it most

A

higher risk for vit d toxicity in pts with sarcoidosis

hypercalcemia: vomiting, sz, nephrocalcinosis, soft tissue calcification

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9
Q

vitamin e job

A

antioxidant

membrane stabilizer

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10
Q

vitamin e sources

A

vegetable oils

wheat germ

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11
Q

signs of vitamin e deficiency

A

neuro problems
loss of DTRs
hemolytic anemia (normocytic)

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12
Q

suspect these vitamin deficiencies when someone presents with a rash/skin issue:

A 
A
K
niacin
C
zinc
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13
Q

what vit deficiencies might contribute to mouth lesions?

A 
riboflavin
niacin
C
folate
b12
b6
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14
Q

what vitamin deficiencies cause neuro issues?

A 
E
thiamin
C
b12
b6
niacin
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15
Q

what vitamin deficiencies cause anemias, and what kind?

A

E (normocytic hemolytic)
folate (megaloblastic)
b12 (megaloblastic)
C (normocyic, from blood loss)

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16
Q

job of vit b1 (thiamine)

A

decarboxylation and transketolation rxns

nerve conduction

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17
Q

sources of b1

A

whole and enriched grains
legumes
lean pork

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18
Q

signs of b1 deficiency

A

wet beriberi: heart failure, edema, and dry signs

dry beriberi: distal neuropathy (foot drop), impaired sensory, motor, and reflex fnxns

Wernicke/Korsakoff: ataxia, confusion, nystagmus, opthalmoplegia

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19
Q

who’s most at risk for b1 deficiency

A

alcoholics
anorexia pts during refeeding
ppl who only eat rice

20
Q

job of b2 (riboflavin)

A

FMN, FAD

also metab of vits K, folate, b6, b3

21
Q

sources of riboflavin

A

**dairy
wheat germ
meats
leafy greens

22
Q

signs of b2 deficiency

A

cheilosis, angular stomatitis
vascularization of conjunctiva
dermatitis (seborrheic or scrotal)

23
Q

job of niacin

A

NAD, NADP

24
Q

sources of niacin

A

meat and fish
PB and other legumes

or, tryptophan is precursor (milk and eggs)

25
Q

signs of niacin deficiency

A 
pellagra:
dermatitis (symmetric sun-exposed pattern, scaling, hyper and hypopigmented, painful)
diarrhea
death
dementai
26
Q

signs of niacin toxicity

A

flushing

27
Q

job of folate

A

methylation

28
Q

sources of folate

A

foliage (leafy greens)
OJ
whole grains and fortified grains

29
Q

signs of folate deficiency

A

NTDs

macrocytic anemia
elevated homocysteine
glossitis

30
Q

jobs of cobalamin

A

methylation

odd-chain fatty acid metabolism

31
Q

sources of b12

A

animal products

32
Q

signs of b12 deficiency

A

neuro issues

increased mma and homocysteine

33
Q

sources of b6

A

animal products
vegetables
whole grains (not enriched grains)

34
Q

signs of pyridoxine deficiency

A

anemia, seizures, glossitis

ps you can have toxicity with this one

35
Q

job of b6

A

AA metabolism

36
Q

jobs of vitamin c

A

antioxidant/reducing agent
collagen synthesis
enhanced Fe absorption
wound healing

37
Q

sources of vitamin c

A

fruits, veggies, potatoes

38
Q

symps of scurvy

A 
petechia
bruising
bleeding gums
painful joints (can present as refusal to walk)
hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
39
Q

sources of iron

A

heme: meat

non-heme: legumes, nuts, whole grains, enriched grains, leafy greens

40
Q

what decreases iron absorption?

A 
phytate, tannins
lots of zinc or copper
high stores of iron
inflammation
hepcidin
41
Q

what do you need to check along with ferritin levels when looking for iron deficiency?

A

ESR or CRP

42
Q

what does zinc do?

A

regulates gene expression
growth and cellular/tissue proliferation
sexual maturation
immune function

reduces child mortality

43
Q

sources of zinc

A

animal products
whole grains
legumes
seeds

44
Q

who’s at risk for zinc deficiency?

A

kids and babies, especially if breastfed
preggers
monotonous plant based diets (esp high in phytate)
burn victims

45
Q

signs of zinc deficiency

A 
worst diaper rash you've ever seen
stunting
impaired immune function
neurocognitive delays
acrodermatitis enteropathica
diarrhea
anorexia
46
Q

signs of iodine deficiency

A

goiter (enarged thyroid as compensation for decrease in iodine, which causes decreased thyroid hormone synth)
cretinism (deaf mutism, mental retardation, large tongue, dull facies)
risk to fetus: abortion

Diseases of metabolism (2 decks)

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