VITAMINS and Related Reactions Flashcards
Serotonin is derived from what aa?
tryptophan
Dopamine comes from what aa?
Niacin (B3) is derived from…
tryptophan
vitamin _______ is an important cofactor for the production of dopamine from L-dopa>
B6
Vitamin _____ is necessary for the production of norepi
C
Tryptophan hydroxylase is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to _______________.
Tryptophan hydroxylase is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to serotonin.
Histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to ___________- using _________
histamine using B6
What enzyme requires Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) as a cofactor?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) as a cofactor?
Succinate dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B3 (Niacin) as a cofactor?
NAD+ is a cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes (e.g., Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase)
Example: Lactate dehydrogenase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) as a cofactor?
Aminotransferases (e.g., ALT, AST), Glycogen phosphorylase, DOPA decarboxylase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B7 (Biotin) as a cofactor?
Pyruvate carboxylase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B9 (Folate) as a cofactor?
Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is a cofactor for enzymes involved in one-carbon transfer reactions, such as Thymidylate synthase
Example: Thymidylate synthase
What enzyme requires Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) as a cofactor?
Methionine synthase, Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
What enzyme requires Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) as a cofactor?
Prolyl hydroxylase, Lysyl hydroxylase (both involved in collagen synthesis)
What enzyme requires Vitamin D as a cofactor?
Vitamin D is a cofactor for enzymes in the calcium homeostasis pathways, including Calbindin (calcium-binding protein)
Example: Calbindin
What enzyme requires Vitamin E as a cofactor?
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant, protecting enzymes from oxidative stress damage
What enzyme requires Vitamin K as a cofactor?
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (involved in activating clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X)
What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, dry skin, Bitot spots, xerophthalmia
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with beriberi?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?
Wet beriberi (cardiovascular issues), dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with pellagra?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency?
Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, no neurological symptoms
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, dementia
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with scurvy?
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) deficiency?
Scurvy (gums bleeding, petechiae, poor wound healing)
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with rickets/osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets in children (bone deformities), osteomalacia in adults (bone pain, muscle weakness)
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with hemolytic anemia in newborns?
Vitamin E deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia, neurologic symptoms (ataxia, peripheral neuropathy)
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with bleeding diathesis?
Vitamin K deficiency
What are the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency?
Prolonged PT, easy bruising, bleeding (especially in newborns)
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with a deficiency of carboxylation reactions?
Vitamin K deficiency
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with defective collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C deficiency
Decreased vitamin ___________ levels reduce intestinal calcium absorption, resulting in hypocalcemia, which, in turn, stimulates PTH secretion. PTH decreases phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules, leading to hypophosphatemia.
D
Succinate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme that participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and uses vitamin ________as a cofactor. Riboflavin deficiency is frequently seen in malnourished patients and is characterized by cheilitis, glossitis, gingivostomatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.
Succinate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme that participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and uses vitamin B2 (riboflavin) as a cofactor. Riboflavin deficiency is frequently seen in malnourished patients and is characterized by cheilitis, glossitis, gingivostomatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.
1-Alpha hydroxylase is a key enzyme necessary for the production of the active form of vitamin ______
1-Alpha hydroxylase is a key enzyme necessary for the production of the active form of vitamin D.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is involved in the conversion of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and uses___________ as a cofactor.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is involved in the conversion of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and uses biotin as a cofactor.
fatty acid metabolism
An enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the presence of ATP and biotin during gluconeogenesis. Needs biotin as a cofactor.
Pyruvate carboxylase participates in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and uses vitamin B7 (biotin) as a cofactor.
An enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the presence of ATP and biotin during gluconeogenesis.
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase requires vitamin _____ as a cofactor in the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids.
B12
