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OTC II > Vitamins and Minerals EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

daily dietary intake that is sufficient to (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals

-most often on the label of dietary products

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2
Q

SUMMARIZE

A

-all water soluble, fat soluble
-Vitamins w/o toxicities
-Vitamins associated with alcoholics, diarrhea, malabsorption
-Vitamins for bone growth

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3
Q

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

A

a nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of the healthy individuals in a group

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4
Q

Adequate Intake (AI)

A

-used when the RDA and EAR can’t be determined
-labeled with an Asterisk, whereas the other two are bold

  • a value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient
    intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people
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5
Q

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):

A

-the highest level of intake without experiencing adverse events to almost all individuals in the general population

-the more the UL is exceeded the higher the risk for adverse effects

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6
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins excreted?

A

Through the urine
->therefore the chance of experiencing overdose or toxicity is low

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7
Q

What is the pathway of fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. general circulation
  3. concentrate in the lipid tissues

drug-food or drug-drug interactions with fat-soluble vitamins may cause deficiency

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8
Q

Difference between Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins

A

-Fat-soluble vitamins are available longer in the body and they concentrate in the fat-tissue

-water-soluble rapidly excreted through urine

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9
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A

A

(Retinol and Beta-carotene)

-normal growth and tooth development, and eye functioning in the conjunctiva, retina, and cornea

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11
Q

What are the Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A

A

dry eye, night blindness

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12
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin A

A

-increased risk of bone fractures
-increased cancer risk with beta-carotene supplementation in smokers and former smokers —congenital birth defects
-headache, and diplopia (double vision)

-deficiencies and toxicities not often seen in the US bc the food is rich in Vitamin A

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13
Q

Source of Vitamin A

A

dark green, red, and orange vegetables

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14
Q

Function of Vitamin B1
(Thiamine)

A

-formation of acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle to regulate myocardial and nerve function
-carbohydrate metabolism (higher carb intake requires more Vitamin B1)

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15
Q

Patient population to find deficiency of Vitamin B1

A

-alcoholics
-malabsorption syndromes
-chronic diarrhea

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16
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin B1
Lack of Vitamin B1

A

-peripheral neuritis
-weakness
-Wernicke’s encephalopathy (confusion)
-cardiac dysfunction

Treat with supplements - 100% of the daily recommended intake value

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17
Q

Sources of Vitamin B1

A

legumes (beans, peanuts, peas), enriched cereals and breads, pork, and beef

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18
Q

Function of Vitamin B2
Riboflavin

A

-maintenance of cellular growth !!
-vision !!
-mucous membranes
-hair, skin, and nail

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19
Q

Symptoms of deficiency of Vitamin B2

A

ocular symptoms:
-light sensitivity
-easy eye fatigue
-blurred vision

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20
Q

Patient population to look out for in Vitamin B2

A

Patients with the need for increased cell growth
-Pregnant (prenatal vitamin)
-Wound-healing

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21
Q

Toxicities of Vitamin B2

A

-Considered non-toxic
-causes yellow-orange urine discoloration (water-soluble)

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22
Q

Function of Vitamin B3
(Niacin)

A

electron transfer agent for aerobic respiration of cells

23
Q

How does the body produce Vitamin B3

A

1/2 from tryptophan-containing proteins
rest from preformed niacin

24
Q

Patient population deficient in Vitamin B3

A

-Alcoholics
-poorly nourished geriatric
-individuals with a restrictive diet

25
Q

Symptoms associated with Vitamin B3 deficiency

A

Pellagra - the three “D’s” !!!
-Dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis

-Glossitis with beefy red tongue (inflammation of the tongue)
-Rash that is crusty and scaly with blackish pigmentation

26
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin B3

A

nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, skin rash, tachycardia,
hypertension, flushing sensation around the face

27
Q

Function of Vitamin B6
(Pyridoxine)

A

-cofactor for more than 60 enzymes (e.g. decarboxylases, synthetases, transaminase, and hydroxylases)

-heme production and metabolism of homocysteine
-Possible treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (neural disorder - hand), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and depression

28
Q

Deficiencies of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

-alcoholism
-severe diarrhea
-restrictive diets
-malabsorptive syndromes
-drugs (isoniazid and penicillamine)
-genetic diseases

29
Q

Symptoms of deficiency in Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

-convulsions (seizure) impairment in decarboxylating glutamate to GABA
-peripheral neuritis
-anemia

30
Q

Toxicities of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

at high doses can causes a severe sensory neuropathy

31
Q

Functions of Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)

A

-cell division !! (cancer patient)
-DNA production !!
-brain and spinal cord development !! (pregnant)
-amino acid metabolism

32
Q

Patient population prone to Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

-cancer patients
-pregnants

33
Q

Which Vitamin requires enzymatic conversion via methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)?

A

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)

34
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

-sore mouth
-diarrhea
-forgetfulness
-irritability

-Neural tube defects in pregnancy

35
Q

Patient population for Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

-Alcoholics
-patients with malabsorption and liver disease

-No known toxicities

36
Q

Recommend Vitamin B9 intake for pregnant women

A

400 mcg
could be higher with a prescription

37
Q

Function of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

A

-active in all cells - bone marrow, CNS, and GI tract
-fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
-methylation reactions and cell division
-metabolism of folates and lipids
-formation of myelin
LIPIDS

38
Q

Patient population associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

-older than 50y
-vegeterians

39
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

-neurologic signs and symptoms
(e.g. Paresthesia (burning sensation in the hand), peripheral neuropathy, unsteadiness, poor muscular coordination, mental confusion, agitation, and hallucinations)

-Pernicious anemia (autoimmune disorder decreasing VB12 absorption): may need Fe as well

-NON-TOXIC

40
Q

Deficiency of which Vitamin is associated with Pernicious anemia?

A

-rare autoimmune disorder impairing Vitamin B12 absorption

-Vitamin B12

41
Q

Function of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

A

-biosynthesis of hydroxyproline (precursor of collagen, osteoid, and dentin)

-assists in the absorption of nonheme iron from food

42
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency

A

-symptoms of fatigue, hemorrhage, petechiae, swollen hemorrhagic gums (scurvy), impaired wound healing, and bone changes

43
Q

Toxicities of Vitamin C

A

-nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

44
Q

The overuse of which drug can be confused with the side effects of Vitamin C overuse?

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

45
Q

Sources of Vitamin C

A

Fresh fruits and vegetables

46
Q

Functions of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

A

-properties of a hormone and vitamin
-formation of bones and mineral homeostasis
-Involved in maintaining serum calcium levels (w/ parathyroid hormone, phosphate, and calcitonin)

47
Q

Patient population associated with Vitamin D3 deficiency

A

-patients with GI diseases
-patients with renal failure
-inadequate sunlight exposure
-dark skin pigmentation

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vitamin D3 deficiency

A

-calcium abnormalities, muscle weakness, increased risk of falls
-increased risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers

49
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin D3

A

-anorexia (vitamin D3 deficiency)
-hypercalcemia (increased levle of calcium in the blood)
-soft tissue calcification (calcium build-up -> hardens the soft tissue)
-kidney stones
-renal failure
-increased risk of certain types of cancer

50
Q

What is the prescription option for Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D2

51
Q

Function of Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)

A

-antioxidant (prevent oxidative damage)
-heme formation, collagen formation, steroid metabolism

52
Q

Toxicities associated with Vitamin E

A

-congestive heart failure
-hemorrhagic stroke
-fetal loss when given to prevent preeclampsia (high BP during pregnancy)

53
Q

Deficiencies of Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)

A

-Only seen in premature infants and patients with fat malabsorption diseases

-Symptoms: peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication (muscle pain due to lack of O2), muscle weakness, and hemolytic anemia

OTC II (17 decks)

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